tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82714569787759532842024-03-17T20:01:32.010-07:00Enrique of Malacca's CircumnavigationEnrique of Malacca was the first person to circumnavigate the globe linguistically, traveling from Malacca to Limasawa 1512-1522.
John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comBlogger156125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-34090039652995445392024-03-06T20:39:00.000-08:002024-03-06T20:39:03.010-08:00<hr />
<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><strong></strong></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BMHoIt6sn_TZmKYw3qG7Swf3UtVlH4cabE4S7q3GcvVuaIGgZnkPWOXSYBxn1PURuSpg51BKBWGaZUu9V_suxG766VmZ1kWL1zlkRmOMbwuTkpz58x4aFiZiNDjwVwVkO_pEK4r5AASWQ2Hcuqzu-Zib0tvldEqg7n-fWMeO9DmO4sWnPyk-hQ6lnA/s1397/Enrique_Of_Malacca.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Enrique of Malacca" border="0" data-original-height="1088" data-original-width="1397" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BMHoIt6sn_TZmKYw3qG7Swf3UtVlH4cabE4S7q3GcvVuaIGgZnkPWOXSYBxn1PURuSpg51BKBWGaZUu9V_suxG766VmZ1kWL1zlkRmOMbwuTkpz58x4aFiZiNDjwVwVkO_pEK4r5AASWQ2Hcuqzu-Zib0tvldEqg7n-fWMeO9DmO4sWnPyk-hQ6lnA/w200-h156/Enrique_Of_Malacca.jpg" title="Enrique of Malacca" width="200" /></a></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><strong><strong>Who Was Enrique of Malacca? </strong></strong>Enrique of Malacca was the first person to circumnavigate the globe linguistically—he traveled so far in one direction (west) that he came to a place where his own language was spoken. Enrique may have also circumnavigated the globe completely, a full circle of the earth beginning and ending in Malacca or somewhere in the Philippines.<b> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; text-align: justify;">Enrique’s 10-year journey began in 1511 following the Portuguese invasion of Malacca and continued on Magellan’s Armada de Molucca. Enrique toured the world at a time of seismic global change. </span><u style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Read more about Enrique of Malacca</span></a></u><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">.</span></span></div><p></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-7785835926425154362024-03-06T20:38:00.000-08:002024-03-07T01:46:17.603-08:00First Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8J83MJlbtxxVTT14-o2p3fI79_AoNctSMgK6uQL4i4l8qAJl-GlkXJTXsVZb2Q26JBHFiGPNSy9mWM5rK1BvApGTVAkNLzDmUmi5MYJ3Dp04z2AwJS9Kev8V5iJ_fGHdgjgivfbllVOo4oHbppnE6Be1ZQF8itfuc7bsfXXor3XNDgP2XBHNbIa-2mZaM/s1400/vespucci%2001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="1400" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8J83MJlbtxxVTT14-o2p3fI79_AoNctSMgK6uQL4i4l8qAJl-GlkXJTXsVZb2Q26JBHFiGPNSy9mWM5rK1BvApGTVAkNLzDmUmi5MYJ3Dp04z2AwJS9Kev8V5iJ_fGHdgjgivfbllVOo4oHbppnE6Be1ZQF8itfuc7bsfXXor3XNDgP2XBHNbIa-2mZaM/w640-h174/vespucci%2001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZrn-aasR60DawvjfraZ4xURXNo0F-2Rs8begmD8Rjmus-crdPIS_LxKEldQrnJoI7Y7bsqGGmHtPW5aFpy-d-q7-7Y-Yw3R_mYZf5JyYN0ushYpo8z3ZXOSPjgYOmSCWFUjmFlifiF3vq5Sl-FDzHMEPgZwcdguEi_SgThpWnmZoC4ae4X6WlDYvI4rx/s470/vespucci%2002.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="470" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZrn-aasR60DawvjfraZ4xURXNo0F-2Rs8begmD8Rjmus-crdPIS_LxKEldQrnJoI7Y7bsqGGmHtPW5aFpy-d-q7-7Y-Yw3R_mYZf5JyYN0ushYpo8z3ZXOSPjgYOmSCWFUjmFlifiF3vq5Sl-FDzHMEPgZwcdguEi_SgThpWnmZoC4ae4X6WlDYvI4rx/w101-h101/vespucci%2002.jpg" width="101" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Magnificent Lord.<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-58" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I submit humble reverence to you and offer due recommendations. It may be that your Magnificence will be astonished at my temerity that I should dare so absurdly to write the present long letter to your Magnificence, knowing that your Magnificence is constantly occupied in the high councils and affairs touching the lofty Republic. And I may be considered not only presumptuous but also idle in writing things not convenient to your condition nor agreeable, and written in a barbarous style. But as I have confidence in your virtues and in the merit of my writing, which is touching things never before written upon either by ancient or modern writers, as will be seen, I may be excused by your Magnificence. </span></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">The principal thing that moved me to write to you was the request of the bearer, who is named Benvenuto Benvenuti, our Florentine, who is very much the servant of your Magnificence, as he tells me, and a great friend of mine. He, finding himself here in this city of Lisbon, requested me to give an account to your Magnificence of the things by me seen in different parts of the world, during the four voyages that I have made to discover new lands; two by order of the Catholic King Ferdinand, by the Great Gulf of the Ocean Sea towards the west, the other two by order of the powerful King Manoel of Portugal, towards the south. He assured me that you will be pleased, and that in this I might hope to serve you. It was this that disposed me to do it, being assured that your Magnificence would include me in the number of your servants, remembering how, in the time of our youth, I was your friend, and now your servant, going together to hear the principles of grammar under the good life and doctrine of the venerable religious friar of St. Mark, Friar Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, whose counsels and doctrine, if it had pleased God that I had followed, I should have been another man from what I am, as Petrarch says. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Quomodocunque sit</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, I am not ashamed, because I have always taken delight in virtuous things. Yet if these my frivolities are not acceptable to your virtue, I will reflect on what Pliny said to Mæcenas, "Formerly my witticisms used to entertain you." It may be that, though your Magnificence is continually occupied with public affairs, you may find an hour of leisure, during which you can pass a little time in frivolous or amusing things, and so, as a change from so many occupations, you may read this my letter. For you may well turn for a brief space from constant care and assiduous thought concerning public affairs.</span></span></div></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Your Magnificence must know that the motive of my coming into this kingdom of Spain was to engage in mercantile pursuits, and that I was occupied in such business for nearly four years, during which I saw and knew various changes of fortune. As these affairs of commerce are uncertain, a man being at one time at the top of the well, and at another fallen and subject to losses, and as the continual labour that a man is exposed to who would succeed, became evident to me, as well as exposure to dangers and failures, I decided upon leaving the mercantile career, and upon entering on one that would be more stable and praiseworthy. I was disposed to see some part of the world and its wonders.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Time and opportunity offered themselves very conveniently. The King Don Fernando of Castille,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-59" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">having ordered four ships to be dispatched for the discovery of new lands towards the west, I was chosen by his Highness to go in this fleet to help in the discovery. I left the port of Cadiz on the 10th of May 1497, and we took our way for the Great Gulf of the Ocean Sea, on which voyage I was engaged for eighteen months, discovering a great extent of mainland, and an infinite number of islands, most of them inhabited, of which no mention had been made by ancient writers, I believe because they had not any clear information. If I remember rightly, I have read somewhere that this Ocean Sea was without inhabitants. Our poet Dante was of this opinion, in the 26th chapter of the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inferno</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where he treats of the death of Ulysses.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-61" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this voyage I saw many wonderful things, as your Magnificence will understand. As I said before, we left the port of Cadiz in four ships, and began our navigation to the Fortunate Islands, which are now called the Grand Canaria, situated in the Ocean Sea, on the confines of the inhabited west, within the third climate.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-62" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over which place the Pole rises from the north, above the horizon 27° and a half, and it is distant from this city of Lisbon 280 leagues,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-63" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">between south and south-west. Here we staid for eight days, providing ourselves with wood, water, and other necessaries. From thence, having offered our prayers, we weighed, and spread our sails to the wind, shaping our course to the west, with a point to south-west.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-64" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our progress was such that at the end of thirty-seven days</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-65" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">we reached land which we judged to be the mainland, being distant from the island of Canaria, more to the west, nearly 1,000 leagues,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-66" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">outside that which is inhabited in the Torrid Zone. For we found the North Pole was above its horizon 16°; and more to the westward than the island of Canaria, according to the observations with our instruments 70°.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-67" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We anchored with our ships at a distance of a league and a half from the shore. We got out the boats, and, filled with armed men, we pulled them to the shore. Before we arrived we had seen many men walking along the beach, at which we were much pleased; and we found that they were naked, and they showed fear of us, I believe because we were dressed and of a different stature. They all fled to a hill, and, in spite of all the signs of peace and friendship that we made, they would not come to have intercourse with us. As night was coming on, and the ship was anchored in a dangerous place, off an open unsheltered coast, we arranged to get under weigh the next day, and to go in search of some port or bay where we could make our ships secure. We sailed along the coast to the north, always in sight of land, and the people went along the beach. After two days of navigation we found a very secure place for the ships, and we anchored at a distance of half a league from the land, where we saw very many people. We went on shore in the boats on the same day, and forty men in good order landed. The natives were still shy of us, and we could not give them sufficient confidence to induce them to come and speak with us. That day we worked so hard with this object by giving them our things, such as bells, looking-glasses, and other trifles, that some of them took courage and came to treat with us. Having established a friendly understanding, as the night was approaching we took leave of them, and returned on board. Next day, at dawn, we saw that there were an immense number of people on the beach, and that they had their women and children with them. We went on shore, and found that they all came laden with their food supplies, which are such as will be described in their place. Before we arrived on shore, many of them swam out to receive us at a cross-bow shot's distance; for they are great swimmers, and they showed as much confidence as if we had been having intercourse with them for a long time; and we were pleased at seeing their feelings of security.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What we knew of their life and customs was that they all go naked, as well the men as the women, without covering anything, no otherwise than as they come out of their mothers' wombs. They are of medium stature, and very well proportioned. The colour of their skins inclines to red, like the skin of a lion, and I believe that, if they were properly clothed, they would be white like ourselves. They have no hair whatever on their bodies, but they have very long black hair, especially the women, which beautifies them. They have not very beautiful faces, because they have long eyelids, which make them look like Tartars. They do not allow any hairs to grow on their eyebrows, nor eyelashes, nor in any other part except on the head, where it is rough and dishevelled. They are very agile in their persons, both in walking and running, as well the men as the women; and think nothing of running a league or two, as we often witnessed; and in this they have a very great advantage over us Christians. They swim wonderfully well, and the women better than the men; for we have found and seen them many times two leagues at sea, without any help whatever in swimming.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their arms are bows and arrows, well made, except that they have no iron, nor any other kind of hard metal. Instead of iron they use teeth of animals or of fish, or a bit of wood well burnt at the point. They are sure shots, and where they aim they hit. In some places the women use these bows. They have other weapons like lances, hardened by fire, and clubs with the knobs very well carved. They wage war among themselves with people who do not speak their language, carrying it on with great cruelty, giving no quarter, if not inflicting greater punishment. When they go to war they take their women with them; not because they fight, but because they carry the provisions in rear of the men. A woman carries a burden on her back, which a man would not carry, for thirty or forty leagues, as we have seen many times. They have no leader, nor do they march in any order, no one being captain. The cause of their wars is not the desire of rule nor to extend the limits of their dominions, but owing to some ancient feud that has arisen among them in former times. When asked why they made war, they have no other answer than that it is to avenge the death of their ancestors and their fathers. They have neither king nor lord, nor do they obey anyone, but live in freedom. Having moved themselves to wage war, when the enemy have killed or captured any of them, the oldest relation arises and goes preaching through the streets and calling upon his countrymen to come with him to avenge the death of his relation, and thus he moves them by compassion. They do not bring men to justice, nor punish a criminal. Neither the mother nor the father chastise their children, and it is wonderful that we never saw a quarrel among them. They show themselves simple in their talk, and are very sharp and cunning in securing their ends. They speak little, and in a low voice. They use the same accents as ourselves, forming their words either on the palate, the teeth, or the lips, only they have other words for things. Great is the diversity of languages, for in a hundred leagues we found such change in the language that the inhabitants could not understand each other.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Their mode of life is very barbarous, for they have no regular time for their meals, but they eat at any time that they have the wish, as often at night as in the day—indeed, they eat at all hours. They take their food on the ground, without napkin or any other cloth, eating out of earthen pots which they make, or out of half calabashes. They sleep in certain very large nets made of cotton,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-69" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and suspended in the air; and if this should seem a bad way of sleeping, I say that it is pleasant to sleep in that manner, and that we slept better in that way than in coverlets.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-70" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They are a people of cleanly habits as regards their bodies, and are constantly washing themselves. When they empty the stomach they do everything so as not to be seen, and in this they are clean and decent; but in making water they are dirty and without shame, for while talking with us they do such things without turning round, and without any shame. They do not practise matrimony among them, each man taking as many women as he likes, and when he is tired of a woman he repudiates her without either injury to himself or shame to the woman, for in this matter the woman has the same liberty as the man. They are not very jealous, but lascivious beyond measure, the women much more so than the men. I do not further refer to their contrivances for satisfying their inordinate desires, so that I may not offend against modesty. They are very prolific in bearing children, and in their pregnancy they are not excused any work whatever. The parturition is so easy, and accompanied by so little pain, that they are up and about the next day. They go to some river to wash, and presently are quite well, appearing on the water like fish. If they are angry with their husbands they easily cause abortion with certain poisonous herbs or roots, and destroy the child. Many infants perish in this way. They are gifted with very handsome and well-proportioned bodies, and no part or member is to be seen that is not well formed. Although they go naked, yet that which should be concealed is kept between the thighs so that it cannot be seen. Yet there no one cares, for the same impression is made on them at seeing anything indecent as is made on us at seeing a nose or mouth. Among them it is considered strange if a woman has wrinkles on the bosom from frequent parturition, or on the belly. All parts are invariably preserved after the parturition as they were before. They showed an excessive desire for our company.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We did not find that these people had any laws; they cannot be called Moors nor Jews, but worse than Gentiles. For we did not see that they offered any sacrifices, nor have they any place of worship. I judge their lives to be Epicurean. Their habitations are in common. Their dwellings, are like huts, but strongly built of very large trees, and covered with palm leaves, secure from tempests and winds. In some places they are of such length and width that we found 600 souls in one single house. We found villages of only thirteen houses where there were 4,000 inhabitants. They build the villages every eight or ten years, and when asked why they did this, they replied that it was because the soil was corrupted and infected, and caused diseases in their bodies, so they chose a new site. Their wealth consists of the feathers of birds of many colours, or "paternosters" made of the fins of fishes, or of white or green stones, which they wear on their necks, lips, and ears; and of many other things which have no value for us. They have no commerce, and neither buy nor sell. In conclusion, they live, and are content with what nature has given them.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They have none of the riches which are looked upon as such in our Europe and in other parts, such as gold, pearls, or precious stones: and even if they have them in their country, they do not work to get them. They are liberal in their giving, for it is wonderful if they refuse anything, and also liberal in asking, as soon as they make friends. Their greatest sign of friendship is to give their wives or daughters, and a father and mother considered themselves highly honoured when they brought us a daughter, especially if she was a virgin, that we should sleep with her, and in doing this they use terms of warm friendship.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When they die they use several kinds of burial. Some bury their dead with water and food, thinking they will want it. They have no ceremonies of lights, nor of weeping. In some other places they practise a most barbarous and inhuman kind of interment. This is that when a sick or infirm person is almost in the throes of death, his relations carry him into a great wood, and fasten one of those nets in which they sleep to two trees. They put their dying relation into it, and dance round him the whole of one day. When night comes on they put water and food enough for four or six days at his head, and then leave him alone, returning to their village. If the sick man can help himself, and eats and lives so as to return to the village, they receive him with ceremony, but few are those who escape. Most of them die, and that is their sepulchre. They have many other customs, which are omitted to avoid prolixity. In their illnesses they use various kinds of medicines, so different from ours that we marvelled how anyone escaped. I often saw a patient ill with fever, when the disease was at its height; bathed with quantities of cold water from head to foot. Then they made a great fire all round, making him turn backwards and forwards for two hours until he was tired, and he was then left to sleep. Many were cured. They also attend to the diet, keep the patient without food, and draw blood, not from the arm, but from the thighs and loins, and from the calves of the legs. They also provoke vomiting by putting one of their herbs into the mouth, and they use many other remedies which it would take long to recount. They abound much in phlegm and in blood, on account of their food, which consists of roots, fruit, and fish. They have no sowing of grain, nor of any kind of corn. But for their common use they eat the root of a tree, from which they make very good flour, and they call it </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iuca</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-71" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Others call it </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cazabi</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-72" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ignami</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-73" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They eat little flesh, unless it be human flesh, and your Magnificence must know that they are so inhuman as to transgress regarding this most bestial custom. For they eat all their enemies that they kill or take, as well females as males, with so much barbarity that it is a brutal thing to mention, how much more to see it, as has happened to me an infinite number of times. They were astonished at us when we told them that we did not eat our enemies. Your Magnificence may believe for certain that they have many other barbarous customs, for in these four voyages I have seen so many things different from our customs that I have written a book,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-74" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to be called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Four Voyages</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in which I have related the greater part of the things I saw, very clearly and to the best of my abilities. I have not yet published it, because my own affairs are in such a bad state that I have no taste for what I have written, yet I am much inclined to publish it. In this work will be seen all the events in detail, I therefore do not enlarge upon them here. For in the course of the said work we shall see many other special details; so this will suffice for what is general. In this beginning I did not see anything of much value in the land except some indications of gold. I believe that this was because we did not know the language, and so we could not benefit by the resources of the land.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We resolved to depart and to proceed onwards, coasting along the land; in which voyage we made many tacks, and had intercourse with many tribes. At the end of certain days we came to a port where we were in the greatest danger, and it pleased the Lord to save us. It was in this way. We went on shore in a port where we found a village built over a lake, like Venice. There were about forty-four large houses founded on very thick piles, and each had a drawbridge leading to the door. From one house there was a way to all the rest by drawbridges which led from house to house. The people of this little city showed signs that they were afraid of us, and suddenly they rose all at once. While looking at this wonder, we saw about twenty-two canoes coming over the sea, which are the sort of boats they use, hollowed out of a single tree. They came to our ships, as if to gaze with wonder at us and our clothes, but they kept at a distance. Things being so, we made signs to them to come to us, giving them assurances of friendship. Seeing that they did not come we went to them, but they did not wait for us. They went on shore, and made signs to us that we should wait, and that they would soon return. They went straight to a hill, and were not long before they came back, leading with them sixteen of their young girls. They got into the canoes and came to the ships, and in each ship they put four, and we were as much surprised at such a proceeding as your Magnificence will be. They were amongst our ships with the canoes, speaking with us. We looked upon this as a sign of friendship. Presently a number of people came swimming over the sea, and approached us without our feeling any suspicion whatever, having come from the houses. Then certain old women appeared at the doors of the houses, uttering great cries and tearing their hair in sign of grief. This made us suspect something, and each man seized his arms. Suddenly the young girls who were on board jumped into the sea, and those in the canoes came nearer, and began to shoot with their bows and arrows. Those who were swimming had each brought a lance, concealed under the water as much as possible. As soon as we understood the treachery we not only defended ourselves from them, but also attacked them vigorously and sank many of their canoes with our ships. Thus we routed and slaughtered them, and all took to swimming, abandoning their canoes. Having thus suffered enough damage, they swam to the land. Nearly fifteen or twenty of them were killed, and many were wounded. Of our men five were wounded, and all escaped, thanks to God. We captured two girls and two men. We went to their houses and entered them, but only found two old women and one sick man. We took many of their things, but they were of little value. We would not burn their houses, because we felt compunctions of conscience. We returned to our ships with five prisoners, and put irons on the feet of each, except the girls. On the following night the two girls and one of the men escaped with great cunning. Next day we decided upon continuing our course onwards.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We sailed constantly along the coast, and came to another tribe, distant about 80 leagues from the one we had left, and very different both as regards language and customs. We came to an anchor, and went on shore in the boats, when we saw that a great number of people were on the beach, upwards of 4,000 souls. They did not wait for our landing, but took to flight, abandoning their things. We jumped on shore, and went along a road which led to the woods. At the distance of a cross-bow shot we found their huts, where they had made very large fires, and two were there cooking their food, and roasting animals and fish of many sorts. Here we saw that they were roasting a certain animal like a serpent, except that it had no wings, and its appearance was so horrid that many of us wondered at its fierceness. We walked to their houses or sheds, and they had many of these serpents alive, fastened by their feet and with a cord round the snout, so that they could not open their mouths, as is done to pointers,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-75" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to prevent them from biting. Their aspect was so fierce that none of us dared to go near one, thinking they were poisonous. They are the size of a young goat, and a fathom and a half long. They have long and thick feet, armed with large claws, the skin hard and of various colours. The mouth and face are like those of a serpent. They have a crest like a saw, which extends from the nose to the end of the tail. We concluded that they were serpents and poisonous, yet they eat them.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-76" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We found that the natives made bread of small fishes, which they take from the sea, first boiling them, then pounding them into a paste, and roasting them in the cinders, and so they are eaten. We tried them, and found them good. They have so many other kinds of food, and a greater number of fruits and roots, that it would take long to describe them in detail. Seeing that the people did not come back, we determined not to touch any of their things, to give them more confidence. We also left many of our own things in their huts, that they might see them, and at night we returned to the ships. Next day, at dawn, we saw an immense crowd of people on the beach, so we went on shore. When they again showed fear we reassured them, and induced them to treat with us, giving them everything they asked for. When they became friendly they told us that those were their habitations, and that they were come to fish. They asked us to come to their villages that they might receive us as friends. They showed such friendship because of the two men we had prisoners, who were their enemies. Seeing their importunity, and after a consultation, we decided that twenty-eight of our Christians, in good order, should go with them, with the firm intention to die if it should be necessary. When we had been there nearly three days we went with them into the interior. At a distance of three leagues from the beach we came to a village of few houses and many inhabitants, there not being more than nine habitations. Here we were received with so many barbarous ceremonies that the pen will not suffice to write them down. There were songs, dances, tears mingled with rejoicings, and plenty of food. We remained here for the night. Here they offered their wives to us, and we were unable to defend ourselves from them. We remained all night and half the next day. The multitude of people who came to see us was such that they could not be counted. The older men prayed that we would come with them to another village further in the interior, making signs that they would show us the greatest honour. So we agreed to go, and it cannot be expressed what great honour they showed us. We came to many villages, and were nine days on the journey, so that our Christians who remained on board became anxious about us. Being nearly eighteen leagues inland in a direct line, we determined to return to the ships. On the return journey the crowd was so great that came with us to the beach, both of women and men, that it was wonderful. If any of our people got tired on the way, they carried them in their nets very comfortably. In crossing the rivers, which are numerous and very large, they took us across by their contrivances so safely that there was no danger whatever. Many of them came laden with the things they had given to us, which were their sleeping-nets, most of them richly worked, numerous parrots of various colours, many bows and arrows; while others carried burdens consisting of their provisions and animals. What greater wonder can I tell you than that they thought themselves fortunate when, in passing a river, they could carry us on their backs?</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Having reached the shore, we went on board the ships. They made such a crowd to enter our ships in order to see them, that we were astonished. We took as many as we could in the boats, and took them to the ships, and so many came swimming that we were inclined to stop such a crowd from being on board, more than a thousand souls, all naked and without arms. They wondered at our arrangements and contrivances, and at the size of the ships. There happened a laughable thing, which was that we had occasion to fire off some of our artillery, and when the report was heard, the greater part of the natives on board jumped overboard from fear, and began to swim, like the frogs on the banks, which, when they are frightened, jump into the swamp. Such was the conduct of these people. Those who remained on board were so frightened that we were sorry we had done it, but we reassured them by saying that we frightened our enemies with those arms. Having amused themselves all day on board, we told them that they must go, because we wished to depart that night; and so they went away with much show of love and friendship, returning to the shore. Among this tribe, and in their land, I knew and saw so much of their customs and mode of life that I do not care to enlarge upon them here; for your Magnificence must know that in each of my voyages I have noted down the most remarkable things, and all is reduced into a volume in the geographical style, entitled the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Four Voyages</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in which work all things are described in detail, but I have not yet sent out a copy, because it is necessary for me to revise it.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This land is very populous and full of people, with numerous rivers, but few animals. They are similar to ours, except the lions, ounces, stags, pigs, goats, and deer; and these still have some differences of form. They have neither horses nor mules, asses nor dogs, nor any kind of sheep, nor cattle. But they have many other animals all wild, and none of them serve for any domestic use, so that they cannot be counted. What shall we say of the birds, which are so many, and of so many kinds and colours of plumage that it is wonderful to see them? The land is very pleasant and fruitful, full of very large woods and forests, and it is always green, for the trees never shed their leaves. The fruits are so numerous that they cannot be enumerated, and all different from ours. This land is within the Torrid Zone, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">under the parallel which the Tropic of Cancer describes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Pole is 23° above the horizon</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, on the verge of the second climate. Many people came to see us, and were astonished at our appearance and the whiteness of our skins. They asked whence we came, and we gave them to understand that we came from heaven, and that we were travelling to see the world, and they believed it. In this land we put up a font of baptism, and an infinite number of people were baptised, and they called us, in their language, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carabi</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which is as much as to say, "men of great wisdom."</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We departed from this port. The province is called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parias</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-77" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and we navigated along the coast, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">always in sight of land, until we had run along it a distance of 870 leagues, always towards the</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">North-West</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-78" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">making many tacks and treating with many tribes. In many places we discovered gold, though not in any great quantity, but we did much in discovering the land, and in ascertaining that there was gold. We had now been thirteen months on the voyage,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-79" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and the ships and gear were much worn, and the men tired. We resolved, after consultation, to beach the ships and heave them down, as they were making much water, and to caulk them afresh, before shaping a course for Spain. When we made this decision we were near </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the finest harbour in the world</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which we entered with our ships. Here we found a great many people, who received us in a very friendly manner. On shore we made a bastion with our boats, and with casks and our guns, at which we all rejoiced. Here we lightened</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-80" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and cleared our ships, and hauled them up, making all the repairs that were necessary, the people of the country giving us all manner of help, and regularly supplying us with provisions. For in that port we had little relish for our own, which we made fun of, for our provisions for the voyage were running short, and were bad.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We remained here thirty-seven days, and often went to their village, where they received us with great honour. When we wanted to resume our voyage, they made a complaint how, at certain times, a very cruel and hostile tribe came by way of the sea to their land, murdered many of them, subdued them, and took some prisoners, carrying them off to their own houses and land. They added that they were scarcely able to defend themselves, making signs that their enemies were people of an island at a distance of about 100 leagues out at sea. They said this so earnestly that we believed them; and we promised to venge their injuries, which gave them much pleasure. Many of them offered to go with us, but we did not wish to take them. We agreed that seven should accompany us, on condition that they went in their own canoe. For we did not want to be obliged to take them back to their land; and they were content. So we took leave of those people, leaving many friends among them.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our ships having been repaired, we navigated for seven days across the sea, with the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wind</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-81" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">between north-east and east, and at the end of the seven days we came upon the islands, which were numerous, some inhabited and others deserted. We anchored off one of them, where we saw many people, who called it </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iti</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-82" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Having manned our boats with good men, and placed three rounds of the bombard in each, we pulled to the shore, where we found 400 men and many women, all naked. They were well made, and seemed good fighting men, for they were armed with bows and arrows, and lances. The greater part of them also had square shields, and they carried them so that they should not impede their using the bow. As we approached the shore in the boats, at the distance of a bowshot, they all rushed into the water to shoot their arrows, and to defend themselves from us they returned to the land. They all had their bodies painted with different colours, and were adorned with feathers. The interpreters told us that when they showed themselves plumed and painted, it is a sign that they intend to fight. They so persevered in defending the landing that we were obliged to use our artillery. When they heard the report, and saw some of their own people fall dead, they all retreated inland. After holding a consultation, we resolved to land forty of our men, and await their attack. The men landed with their arms, and the natives came against us, and fought us for nearly an hour,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-83" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">gaining little advantage, except that our cross-bow men and gunners killed some of the natives, while they wounded some of our people. They would not wait for the thrust of our spears or swords, but we pushed on with such vigour at last that we came within sword-thrust, and as they could not withstand our arms, they fled to the hills and woods, leaving us victorious on the field, with many of their dead and wounded. We did not continue the pursuit that day, because we were very tired. In returning to the ships, the seven men who came with us showed such delight that they could not contain themselves.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next day we saw a great number of the people on shore, still with signs of war, sounding horns and various other instruments used by them for defiance, and all plumed and painted, so that it was a very strange thing to behold them. All the ships, therefore, consulted together, and it was concluded that these people desired hostility with us. It was then decided that we should do all in our power to make friends with them, and if they rejected our friendship we should treat them as enemies, and that we should make slaves of as many as we could take. Being armed as well as our means admitted, we returned to the shore. They did not oppose our landing, I believe from fear of the guns. Forty of our men landed in four detachments, each with a captain, and attacked them. After a long battle, many of them being killed, the rest were put to flight. We followed in pursuit until we came to a village, having taken nearly 250 prisoners.</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-84" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We burnt the village and returned to the ships with these 250 prisoners, leaving many killed and wounded. On our side no more than </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">one was killed, and twenty-two were wounded</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, who all recovered. God be thanked! We prepared to depart, and the seven men, five of whom were wounded, took a canoe belonging to the island, and with seven prisoners that we gave them, four women and three men, they returned to their land with much joy, astonished at our power. We made sail for Spain with 222 prisoners,</span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36924/36924-h/36924-h.htm#note-85" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">our slaves, and arrived in the port of Cadiz on the 15th of October 1498, where we were well received, and where we sold our slaves. This is what befell me in this my first voyage, that was most worthy of note.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 9pt; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE FIRST VOYAGE ENDS.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><hr /><p></p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-62739a1c-7fff-e07a-dc7f-264eb3105fbe"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />From: </span></span>THE LETTERS OF AMERIGO VESPUCCI AND OTHER DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF HIS CAREER. Translated, with Notes and an Introduction, by CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S., PRESIDENT OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</p><p><br /></p><p>Available a</p><br /><br /><br /><p><span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-49283083864281158022024-03-03T16:57:00.000-08:002024-03-03T16:57:25.460-08:00Diu Repels the Portuguese<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuvZN2uTPRaaf3q_SwWHg7_yr-abPSYdb2QlD6wi4YcSaFoz-r8yRezPmMsM7qcEKsy_HtoUZBQffNs-uNQ1EJd9CZaH-l2D2BRKxG5L5gebXqZQjCwKaMqAw0O1T1aqLH0rl7m6jwFdxcr-8FCpRnh5-B_oLWYjKDo0BVY5Z3QYbfi_W5q9opY9gWMg5/s1158/Braun_Diu_HAAB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Diu, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572." border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="1158" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuvZN2uTPRaaf3q_SwWHg7_yr-abPSYdb2QlD6wi4YcSaFoz-r8yRezPmMsM7qcEKsy_HtoUZBQffNs-uNQ1EJd9CZaH-l2D2BRKxG5L5gebXqZQjCwKaMqAw0O1T1aqLH0rl7m6jwFdxcr-8FCpRnh5-B_oLWYjKDo0BVY5Z3QYbfi_W5q9opY9gWMg5/w640-h130/Braun_Diu_HAAB.jpg" title="Diu, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000;">Diu, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572. </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Braun_Diu_UBHD.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i style="font-size: medium;">Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DUY.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">Fifty leagues further along the coast, towards the south, there is a promontory, and joining close to it is a small island, which contains a very large and fine town, which the Malabars call Diuixa, and the Moors of the country call it </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu,_India" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Diu</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It has a very good harbour, and is a port of much trade in merchandise, and of much shipping from Malabar, Baticala, Goa, Dabul and Cheul; and the people of Diu sail to Aden, Mekkah, Zeyla, Barbara, Magadoxo, Brava, Melinde, Mombaza, Xer, Ormuz, and all parts of the kingdom.</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_60"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[60]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the Malabars bring hither rice, cocoa nuts, jagara, wax, emery, iron, and sugar from Baticala, and all the spices that can be got in India and Malacca; and from Chaul and Dabul they bring a large quantity of cotton stuffs, which they call <i>beyranies</i>, and caps for women, which are carried from this place to Arabia and Persia. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And they load at this port for the return voyage cotton cloths of the country and silk stuffs, horses, wheat, vegetables, sesame, cotton, oil of sesame, and opium, both that which comes there from Aden, and that which is made in the kingdom of Cambay, which is not so fine as that of Aden; and they export many coarse camlets and silk stuffs made in this kingdom of Cambay, and thick carpets,taffeta, scarlet cloth, and of other colours. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They also export the spices and things brought to them from India, by the people of the country, to Aden, Ormuz, and all parts of Arabia and Persia, so that this town is the chief emporium of trade which exists in all these parts. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This town gives such a large sum of money as revenue to the king, for the loading and unloading of such rich goods, that it is a subject of marvel and amazement; for they also bring to it from Mekkah much coral, copper, quicksilver, vermillion, lead, alum, madder, rose-water, saffron, and much gold and silver coined and uncoined. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The king keeps a Moorish governor in this place called Melquiaz; an old man, and a very good gentleman, discreet, industrious, and of great information, who lives with great order and regularity in all his affairs. He makes much artillery, and has many rowing barges, very well arranged, small and very light, which are called Talayas. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He has had constructed in the port a very strong and fine bulwark, in which he has very good artillery, with many lombards, and he always</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_61"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[61]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> keeps with him many men-at-arms, to whom he pays very good appointments. They are very well armed. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He is always on his guard, and is very apprehensive of the power of the King of Portugal. He shows great honour and attention to the ships and people of Portugal who come to his port. The people of his country are kept in very good order, and governed with much justice and good treatment; he dispenses many favours and presents to voyagers and strangers in his country.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A large fleet of the Great Sultan of sailing ships and row galleys arrived at this port, well equipped, with large crews and a good armament; its captain was Emir Hussein. He came to reinforce himself in this port with the assistance of the king of Cambay and the before-mentioned governor Meliquiaz, and from thence to go to Calicut, to fight with the Portuguese, and turn them out of India. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He was for some time in the port making many preparations, and the Portuguese fleet came there to seek for them, of which Don Francisco de Almeyda, viceroy of India, was the captain major. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the Moors put out to sea to meet them, and the two fleets fought in the entrance of this roadstead vigorously, and many people were killed and wounded on both sides; and at the end the Moors were beaten and captured with great slaughter, and the Portuguese took their ships and galleys, with all their arms and heavy artillery. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They captured there many Moors, and the said Emir Hussein escaped, and left his fleet to suffer as has been told; and when Meliquiaz, who assisted and favoured them with his guard-boats and forces, saw the havoc, he at once sent messengers to the before-mentioned viceroy to seek peace of</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_62"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[62]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> him, and he sent many provisions and refreshments and other presents as a sign of peace.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_63"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[63]</span></a></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">GOGARI.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on after this the coast begins to make a bend into Cambay towards the north, in which bend are several sea-ports of the same king, and towns of great trade. One of these is Guogari, at a distance of twenty-five leagues (from Diu), which is a very large town and a good port, where they always load many ships from Malabar and other parts of India; and many other ships bound for Mekkah and Aden. At this place all sorts of merchandise are dealt in, as at Diu.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">BARBESY.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Another is called Barbesy, a sea-port twelve leagues further on to the north, in which stretch of coast are several sea-ports of the King of Cambay. All sorts of goods are traded in for all parts, and the dues upon them produce very much to the king, who has in each of these two places his custom houses, and all are well supplied with provisions.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_64"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[64]</span></a></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">BUENDARI.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on, to north-west by north, there is another place in the mouth of a small river which is called Guendari, twenty leagues distant from Barbesy. And it is a very good town, a seaport of the same trade, because further up that river is the great city of Cambay. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There arrived there many zambucos, which are small vessels of the Malabar country, with areca (nuts), spices, wax, sugar, cardamums, emery, ivory, and elephants: and these goods are sold there very well. And from there they carry away cotton, sesame, thread, wheat, peas, horses, alaquequas, and many other goods.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The navigation of these places is very dangerous, especially for ships with keels which draw much water, because in this gulf which the coast here makes, the ebb and flow is so great, that in a very short space of time the sea leaves uncovered four or five leagues of dry land, and in some places less; and it is expedient for those who go in there to take country pilots, because, when the tide runs down, they may know how to remain in pools of deep water such as there are there, and sometimes they make mistakes and remain upon rocks, where they are lost.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-60221127909488715642024-02-23T20:59:00.000-08:002024-02-28T21:18:06.421-08:00Gujarat Misunderstood Through Portuguese Eyes<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_xPDnGt6zeZQPl3nnxrMMSiRzgZpup7w35epLyUVNGJIpTD11PmNLdGy8mRsUV_FeuzduXrgZM01H2DXbM57jH1mSyWoCEOqyquWOlsyXbyjySZvCx1IHcLi9e-060zSGVG08ntEnYJm3BtwlMROJe33M8FMPmDEB9ckPCjAROJe2GTdHxn64veFd7HB/s2298/1773_map_of_the_Arabian_Sea_by_Schley%20crop.png" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1443" data-original-width="2298" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_xPDnGt6zeZQPl3nnxrMMSiRzgZpup7w35epLyUVNGJIpTD11PmNLdGy8mRsUV_FeuzduXrgZM01H2DXbM57jH1mSyWoCEOqyquWOlsyXbyjySZvCx1IHcLi9e-060zSGVG08ntEnYJm3BtwlMROJe33M8FMPmDEB9ckPCjAROJe2GTdHxn64veFd7HB/w517-h324/1773_map_of_the_Arabian_Sea_by_Schley%20crop.png" width="517" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">Gujarat. (</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1773_map_of_the_Arabian_Sea_by_Schley.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: right;"><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> KINGDOM OF GUZERAT, IN INDIA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving the kingdom of Ulcinde, in the same direction, at a distance of fifty leagues, the traveller enters the first India, in the great kingdom of Guzarat, which kingdom had belonged to King Darius. And the Indians have long histories of him and of King Alexander. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This kingdom has many cities and towns in the interior of the country, as well as ports along the sea; and very much shipping. It has many merchants and shipowners, both Moors and Gentiles.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The king, and the men-at-arms, and nobles of the country were all Gentiles formerly, and now they are Moors, since the Moors conquered the country in war, and hold the Gentiles subject to them, and molest them and treat them ill. </span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are three qualities of these Gentiles, that is to say, some are called Razbutes, and they, in the time that their king was a Gentile, were knights, the defenders of the kingdom, and governors of the country; they used to carry on war, and even now there remain some towns of them in the mountains, which have never chosen to pay obedience to the Moors, but, on the contrary, make war upon them; and the King of Cambaya is not sufficiently powerful to destroy them or subject them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are very good knights and great archers, and they have many other kinds of arms with which they defend themselves from the Moors, without owning any king or lord to govern them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The others are called</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 860.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_51"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[51]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> Banians, and are merchants and traders. These live amongst the Moors, and trade with them in their goods. They are men who do not eat meat nor fish, nor anything that has life; neither do they kill anything, nor like to see it killed, because their idolatry forbids it them; and they observe this to such an extreme that it is something marvellous. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For it often happens that the Moors bring them some worms or little birds alive, saying they intend to kill them in their presence; and they ransom them, and buy them to set them flying, and save their lives for more money than they are worth.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And in the same way, if the governor of the country has got a man to be executed, these Banians unite together and buy him from the officers of justice, that he may not die; and frequently they sell him to them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And in the same manner the Moors who beg for alms, when they want alms from these people, take great stones and strike themselves with them on the shoulders and the breast, and on their stomachs, as if they were going to kill themselves with them, and they receive alms not to do it, and to go away in peace. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And others bring knives and stab themselves in the arms and legs before them, in order to extract alms; and others come to their doors to decapitate rats and snakes and other reptiles, and they give them money not to do it, so that they are very ill-treated by the Moors. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If these people meet with a band of ants in the road, they hasten out of the road, and go and look for a place to pass without treading upon them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They likewise sup in the daytime because they do not light candles at night, in order that the mosquitoes and other insects may not come and die in the flame; and if of necessity they must have a candle, they keep them in lanterns of paper, or of stuff dipped in gum, so that no living thing can get there to suffer. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If these people have lice they do not kill them, and if they worry them very much, they send to fetch some men whom they have amongst them, also Gentiles, whom they esteem of holy lives, like hermits, and who live in much abstinence</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 860.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_52"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[52]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> for the love of their idols, and these people pick out their insects, and all those that they extract they put in their own heads, and they nourish them on themselves and on their flesh for the service of their idols. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And so this law of not killing anything is held in great observance. On the other hand, they are great usurers and falsifiers of weights and measures, and merchandise, and coin; and liars and cheats. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Gentiles are brown people, well built and of good proportions, smart in their dress, and delicate and temperate in their food. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their victuals are milk, butter, sugar, rice, preserves of many kinds, many fruits, bread, vegetables, and field herbs; they all have gardens and orchards wherever they live, and many pools of water where they bathe twice every day, both men and women; and having ended their washing, they hold the belief that they are pardoned for all the sins which they have committed up to that time. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They wear the hair very long like the women in Spain, and they wear it gathered on the top of the head, and made into a band which is much adorned, and upon this a cap to fasten it; and they always wear many flowers stuck into their hair, and sweet smelling things. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They also anoint themselves with white sandal mixed with saffron and other scents; they are much given to fall in love. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They go bare, only covering themselves from the waist downwards with very rich silk stuffs; they wear embroidered shoes of very good leather, well worked, and some short silk skirts, and other short ones of cotton, with which they cover their bodies. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They do not carry arms, only some small knives garnished with gold and silver, for two reasons: one because they are persons who make little use of arms, the other because the Moors forbid it to them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They use many ear-rings of gold and jewellery in the ears, and many rings, and belts of gold and jewellery upon the cloths with which they gird themselves. The women of these Gentiles have very pretty, delicate faces, and well made bodies, a little dark. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Their dress is silk stuff like their husbands' as far as the feet, and jackets</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> with narrow sleeves of silk stuff, open at the shoulders, and other silk cloths with which they cover themselves in the manner of morisco almalafas; their heads bare, the hair gathered up upon the head; they wear thick ankle rings of gold and silver on the legs, and rings on their toes, and large coral beads on their arms, with beads of gold filigree, and gold and silver bracelets; and round their necks, necklaces of gold and jewellery, fitting closely; they have large holes pierced in their ears, and in them rings of gold or silver large enough for an egg to pass through them. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are modest women, and when they go out of their houses they are much covered up with their wraps over their heads. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The other set of people are called Bramans, and are priests and the persons who administer and direct the idolatry; they have very large houses of prayer, some of them with revenues, others are maintained by alms. In these they keep many idols: some of stone, some of wood, and other of copper. In these houses and monasteries they always perform many ceremonies to their gods; they make feasts for them magnificently, with instruments and songs, and with many lights of oil, and they have bells in our fashion. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Bramans have got images which represent the Holy Trinity: they pay much honour to the number three, and in trine make their adoration to God, whom they confess to be the true God, Creator, and Maker of all things, which are three things in one sole person; and they say that there are many other gods governed by him, in which they also believe. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Bramans, wherever they find our churches, enter willingly into them, and adore our images; and they always ask for Santa Maria, our Lady, like men who have some knowledge of her. And as they see our manner of honouring the churches, they say that there is no great difference between them and us. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">These Bramans go </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">bare from the waist upwards; they wear upon their shoulder a thread of three threads, which is a sign by which they are known to be Bramans.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are men who also do not eat anything which receives death, nor do they kill anything. They hold it to be a great ceremony to wash their bodies, and say that they wash on that account. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Bramans, and also the Banians, marry in our fashion, with one woman only, and only once. They make great feasts at their weddings, which last many days, and there are many people assembled at these very well dressed and decked out. These festivities are magnificent. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">For the most part they are married when very young, both men and women, and on the day of the betrothal, and of the wedding, the couple are both of them seated on a platform,</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> very much bedizened with gold and jewellery and precious stones, and in front of them is a small table with an idol covered with flowers, and many lighted oil lamps all round it; and both of them have to remain there with their eyes fixed on that idol from the morning until the evening, without eating or drinking, or speaking to anybody during that time. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The people make great rejoicings over them with their instruments and songs and dances; they let off many cannons, rockets and other fireworks to divert themselves.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;"> And if the husband dies the woman does not marry again, and so also does the husband should the wife die. And the children are his rightful heirs; and Bramans must be sons of Bramans, amongst whom there are some of a lower rank who serve as messengers and travellers, and they go in security to all parts without any one vexing them in any way. Even if there should be war or thieves, they always pass safely. These are called </span><i style="color: #660000;">pater</i><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 860.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_55"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[55]</span></a></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">OF THE KING AND THE LORDS OF GUZARAT, WHICH IS OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBAY.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The King of Guzarat is a great lord, both in revenue and people, and extensive and rich territory. He is a Moor, as also are his men-at-arms, as has been said. He has a large court of many knights, and he is the lord of many horses and elephants, which are brought for sale to this kingdom from the country of Malabar and Ceylon. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And with the horses and elephants he makes war upon the Gentiles of the kingdom of Guzarat who do not pay obedience to him, and upon some other kings with whom at times he is at war. And they make wooden castles on the top of the elephants, which hold four men, who carry bows and guns, and other weapons, and fight thence with the enemy. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the elephants are so well trained, that they know how to take part in the battle, and with their tusks wound the men and horses so severely, that in a very short time they put any array into confusion. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But they are so timid, and subject to pain when wounded, that they take to flight at once, and put one another into confusion, and rout their own side. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This king has four or five hundred of these at his residence, very large and fine. They buy them for one thousand five hundred ducats each, at the seaports where the Malabars bring them for sale. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And they make war much with the horses bred in the country, for it has a wonderful quantity; and the Moors and Gentiles of this kingdom are bold riders, ride small saddles, and use whips. They carry very thick round shields, edged with silk, and two swords each man, a dagger, and a Turkish bow, with very good arrows; and some carry steel maces, and many of them coats of mail, and others tunics quilted with cotton. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the horses have housings and steel head pieces, and so they fight very well and are light in their movements; and they are so supple in</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 860.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_56"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[56]</span></a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> their saddles that they can play on horseback at the choga or at any other game. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They have amongst them the game of the jerid, as in Spain. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Moors are white, and of many countries: both Turks and Mamelukes, Arabs, Persians, Khorasanys, Turkomans, and from the great kingdom of Dily, and others born in the country itself. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These people come together there on account of the country being very rich, and well supplied; and the king gives good pay and rations, and regularly paid. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These people are very well dressed, with very rich stuffs of gold, silk, cotton, and goats' wool, and all wear caps on their heads, and their clothes long, such as Morisco shirts and drawers, and leggings to the knee of good thick leather, worked with gold knots and embroidery; and their swords are borne in their girdles, or in the hands of their pages. They are richly ornamented with gold and silver. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their women are very white and pretty, also very richly decked out. They may marry as many as they like and are able to maintain, to honour the sect of Mahomed; and so there are many of them who have three or four or five wives, and of all of them they have sons and daughters. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And these Moors of Cambay speak many languages, that is to say, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Guzaraty. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They eat wheaten bread, rice, meat of all kinds, leaving aside pork, which is against their law. They are luxurious people, who live well and spend much money. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They always go with their heads shaved, and the women with very fine hair. When they go out of their houses, they go on horses, or in cars, and so covered up that nobody can see them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are very jealous men, and can unmarry themselves when they please, on paying to the wife a certain sum of money (which is promised when they marry them), if at any time they repent of it; and the women have also the same liberty.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 860.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_57"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[57]</span></a></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This King of Cambay has been king since a short time only, and his father was called Sultan Mahomed, who was brought up from a child and nourished with poison, for his father desired that he should so be brought up in order that it should not be possible to kill him with poison; for the Moorish kings of these parts often have one another killed by poison. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And this king began to eat it in such a small quantity that it could not do him any harm, and from that he went on increasing this kind of food in such manner that he could eat a great quantity of it; for which cause he became so poisonous that if a fly settled on his hand it swelled and immediately fell dead. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And many wives with whom he slept died at once of his poison, which he was unable to leave off eating, for he feared if he did not use it, to die soon after; as we see by experience with the opium which the Indians eat, for if they leave off eating it they die immediately, that is, if they begin as children to eat it in such a small quantity that it can do them no harm, for some length of time, and then increasing the quantity by degrees until they remain accustomed to it. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This amfion is cold in the fourth degree, and on account of being so cold it kills. We call it opio, and the women of India when they wish to kill themselves in any case of dishonour or of despair, eat it with oil of sesame, and so die sleeping without feeling death.</span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">CITY OF CHAMPAVER.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This King possesses great cities in his kingdom, and especially the city of Champaver, where he resides continually, with all his court. This city is to the north of Guzerat, eighty leagues inland. It is a very fertile country: of abundant provisions, wheat, barley, millet, rice, peas and other vegetables, and many cows, sheep, goats, and plenty of fruit, so that it is very full of all things; and it has in its neighbourhood many hunting grounds, and deer and</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_58"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[58]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> other animals, and winged game. And this country possesses dogs and falcons for the chase, and tame leopards for hunting all sorts of game. And the King for his pastime keeps many animals of all kinds, which they send to find and bring up. This King sent a Ganda to the King of Portugal, because they told him that he would be pleased to see her.</span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ANDAVAT.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving this city and going further inland there is another city called Andavat, which is larger than the said city of Champaver, and it is very rich, and well supplied. The former kings used always to reside in this city. These towns are walled, and embellished with good streets and squares, and houses of stone and whitewash, with roofs in our fashion; and they have large courts, and much water in wells and pools. They make use of horses, donkeys, mules, camels and carts, and have fine rivers, with plenty of fresh water fish, and many orchards and gardens. There are also in this kingdom, inland, many cities, towns and villages, in which the king keeps his governors and collectors of his revenue. If these commit a fault he summons them, and after having heard them he bids them drink a cup of poison, with which anyone dies immediately; and in this way he chastises them, so that they are in great fear of him.</span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">PATEMXI.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The places which this king has on the sea coast are these. Firstly, leaving the kingdom of Ulcinde for India at a distance</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_59"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[59]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> of thirty-seven leagues, is a river, on the shore of which there is a great city called Patemxi, a good seaport, very rich, and of great trade. In this city many silk stuffs are made, coloured with much embroidery, which are used over the whole of India, Malacca, Bengal, and also many cotton stuffs. To this port come many Indian ships laden with cocoa nuts, sugar of palms which they call xagara, and from there they carry away a great quantity of cloth and much cotton, horses, wheat, and vegetables, by which much money is made. Their voyage, with the delays, is of four months.</span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SURATIMANGALOR.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Passing by this city, further on the coast to the east and south, at fifteen leagues distance, there is another town of commerce, which has a very good port, and is called Suratimangalor, where also many ships from Malabar touch, for horses, wheat, rice, cotton cloths, vegetables and other goods which are of use in India. And they bring cocoa nuts, hurraca (which is something to drink), emery, beeswax, cardamums, and all sorts of spices, in which trade and voyage great profit is made in a short time.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div><br /></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-52575288646478614912024-01-20T13:05:00.000-08:002024-01-20T13:05:16.058-08:00Ismail I and Safavid Persia<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8yTXw2bLrMf0iXiwwE4CnURhJ1R-5wAJQWitItI205tU4BKkeIcw_35bimTv53CxZNjwY1nPs9tSz1E3m6K9faEuRlv9GQjRHpqkooDKo6LjajCK6O_qfJxxmHHnOZaYm2dusdxTgjWDS-4ioX0OgauyaDvF03I-Lo2aGF3gnoBdxk6z3YjjpPnxHgMQ/s1033/Map_Safavid_persia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Map of Persia between 16th and 18th century" border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1033" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8yTXw2bLrMf0iXiwwE4CnURhJ1R-5wAJQWitItI205tU4BKkeIcw_35bimTv53CxZNjwY1nPs9tSz1E3m6K9faEuRlv9GQjRHpqkooDKo6LjajCK6O_qfJxxmHHnOZaYm2dusdxTgjWDS-4ioX0OgauyaDvF03I-Lo2aGF3gnoBdxk6z3YjjpPnxHgMQ/w456-h317/Map_Safavid_persia.png" title="Map of Persia between 16th and 18th century" width="456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">Map of Persia between 16th and 18th century</span> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Safavid_persia.png" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">COUNTRY OF </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">SHEIKH ISMAIL</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After passing these countries along the coast of Persia, there are many towns, places, and villages of the Moors, very handsome and rich enough. From here further on it is no longer the country of the king of Ormuz, but belongs to other lords, of whom we do not possess so much information, except that Xeque Yzmael subjugates and governs them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He is a Moor, and a young man, who in a short time has subjugated these parts, and a great part of Persia and Arabia, and many kingdoms and lordships of the Moors, not being a king nor the son of a king, except that he was only a sheikh of the house and lineage of Aly, the brother-in-law of Mahomed; and, being poor, he united with other young Moors, and they took up the habit of going without clothes, which is a custom amongst them; they abandoned their property, honours, and clothes, and only covered themselves with skins of goats, and leopards, and deer with the fur, which many are in the habit of carrying, and they mark their arms and breasts with many scars of burns; and they carry heavy iron chains, and in their hands some weapons, different from those of other people, such as small battle-axes of much workmanship, and iron maces; they go as pilgrims, and do not sustain themselves except by alms; and to such people, wherever they go, much honour and entertainment is shown by the other Moors; and they always go shouting and crying out in the villages the name of Mahomet. </span></div><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">So this Sheikh Ismail took this habit, and determined to shout and cry out for Aly, whilst he took no heed of Mahomed. Many people began to collect round him, so that he began soon to take towns and to grant property to the persons who flocked to him, and were with him at a conquest; and, in case they took nothing, he decided on making some hoods of scarlet wool, of ample dimensions, and ordering them to be worn by the persons who followed him; thus he collected many people, and with them he went on taking many towns, and making war in many parts; and he did not choose to be called king, but the leveller of property, who took from those who had much, and gave to those who had little; neither did he choose to rest in any place.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But all that he conquered he gave away and distributed to those who followed and obeyed him; whenever he found any very rich people whose riches did not profit any one, he took them away and distributed them amongst honourable people and the poor; and to the owners of the property he left a share equal to that which he gave to each one of the others; this he did many times, on which account they called him the Equaller. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This king sent ambassadors to all the Moorish kings to persuade them to wear those coloured hoods, and if they did not choose to accept them, he sent to challenge them, and to say that he would come against them, to take their country, and make them believe in Aly. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He sent this embassy to the great Sultan of Cairo and to the Grand Turk, who gave him a hostile answer and made a league against him. As soon as Sheikh Ismail saw their answers he determined to go against the Grand Turk, and he went against him with large forces, horse and foot, and the Turk came out to receive him, and they had a</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> great battle, in which the Grand Turk was the conqueror, on account of the quantity of artillery which he brought with him, which Sheikh Ismail did not bring, and he only fought with his men with the strength of their arms. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They killed there many of his people, and he took to flight, and the Turk followed him, killing many of his troops, until he left him within Persia, when he returned thence to Turkey. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">This was the first time that this Sheikh Ismail was routed, for which he said that he wished to return to Turkey with greater power and provided with artillery. This king ruled over a part of Babilonia, and Armenia, and Persia, and a large part of Arabia, and of India, near to the kingdom of Cambay. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">His design was to get into his hands the house of Mekkah. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This sheikh sent an embassy with many presents to the captain of the king of Portugal, who was exercising his functions in India, and asked him to agree to peace and friendship. And the Portuguese captain-major received this embassy and presents, and in return sent another embassy.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At the extremity of this Sea of Persia there is, as has been said, a fortress called Basera, inhabited by Moors, in subjection to Sheikh Ismail, at which there comes out from the mainland to the sea a very large and beautiful river of good fresh water, which is called Frataha.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This is said to be one of the four rivers which flow out of the terrestrial Paradise, which river is the Eufrates, and these Moors say it has sixty thousand branches, and that one of the principal ones comes out at the kingdom of Dahulcino, in which is the first</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 836.583px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><br /></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> India, which we call the river Indus; and the river Ganges is the other branch, which comes out in the second India to the sea; and the Nile, which is another branch, which comes through the country of Prester John, and waters Cairo.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-60405383631375973722024-01-18T20:08:00.000-08:002024-01-18T20:08:57.793-08:00Diulcindi, Inland Kingdom<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hvVQQIPEmpn5Lu1SNuJ5rFA2tBNsOrt2Rgrnoz8fSJjPFEwkI5vNO_z6CZJVJ6kfUwk17bG2SVlwZUlHNhZjEKTz_4AWmJus74YHhY0jxytiTep9d7CDtpzl3n3Lh24F1FX0OTLpyWvpLReMqAjIEdMM4LDp37Sb4coSjgI7zPafx5QLkVIXgMZQ9-fZ/s1200/ortelius%20asia%20big%20-%20web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="927" data-original-width="1200" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hvVQQIPEmpn5Lu1SNuJ5rFA2tBNsOrt2Rgrnoz8fSJjPFEwkI5vNO_z6CZJVJ6kfUwk17bG2SVlwZUlHNhZjEKTz_4AWmJus74YHhY0jxytiTep9d7CDtpzl3n3Lh24F1FX0OTLpyWvpLReMqAjIEdMM4LDp37Sb4coSjgI7zPafx5QLkVIXgMZQ9-fZ/w400-h309/ortelius%20asia%20big%20-%20web.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000;">Diulcindi. (</span><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:gdc:gdcwdl:wd:l_:18:90:1:wdl_18901:HC.MAP.1187_A/full/pct:100/0/default.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: right;"><i style="font-size: medium;">Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></div></span><p></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DIULCINDI.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving the kingdom of Ormuz, from the mouth of the Sea of Persia the coast goes to the south-east for a hundred and seventy-two leagues as far as Diulcinde, entering the kingdom of Ulcinde, which is between Persia and India. It is a kingdom, and has a Moorish king over it, and most of the inhabitants of the country are Moors, and there are some Gentiles subject to the Moors. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This king has an extended rule over the country in the interior, and few sea-ports. They have many horses. On the eastern side this country is bounded by the kingdom of Cambay, and on the west by Persia. It is in obedience to Sheikh Ismail. </span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Moors are white and coloured; they have a language of their own, and also speak that of the Persians and of Arabia. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There is much wheat and barley in this country, and plenty of meat. It is a level country, with little timber. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They make little practice of navigating the sea; they possess extensive sea-beaches, where there are great fisheries, and they catch large fish, which they dry and salt, both for consumption in the country and for exportation in small vessels to other kingdoms. In this country they give dried fish to their horses to eat. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A few ships which sail to this country from India, bring rice, sugar, and some spices, timber, planks, and Indian</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 908.958px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><br /></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> canes, which are as thick as a man's leg. And in all this trade they make much money; and from this place they carry away cotton, horses, and cloth. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A great river comes into the sea through this kingdom; it comes through the middle of Persia, and they say that it comes out of the river Eufrates. Along this river there are many large and rich towns of Moors. It is a very fertile and fruitful land, and very abundant in provisions.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-31725121091675165502024-01-18T19:24:00.000-08:002024-01-18T19:24:06.782-08:00The Portuguese Conquer Ormuz Island, Build Fortress<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsB5pMXkn_jHgKeE8mkiOIip6D5IwspfF27Wj-aCp6FnSgz5fpRwUggd4nK_BlmNstcowaKy6A2CFi4jCH2oY69k4WyWA93HDjqIgfn_kTF8CfNJJq7IHFaZ7-B2P536TY2QakOKH6vCobq65HIlQby-SuLqJD7wmQHSJxAFLvvLOBSDTBXwHvC5ki1gI/s887/ormuz%20fortress.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="887" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsB5pMXkn_jHgKeE8mkiOIip6D5IwspfF27Wj-aCp6FnSgz5fpRwUggd4nK_BlmNstcowaKy6A2CFi4jCH2oY69k4WyWA93HDjqIgfn_kTF8CfNJJq7IHFaZ7-B2P536TY2QakOKH6vCobq65HIlQby-SuLqJD7wmQHSJxAFLvvLOBSDTBXwHvC5ki1gI/w429-h296/ormuz%20fortress.jpg" width="429" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">Ormuz Fortress, Ormuz Island. (</span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_01058/?r=-0.137,0.073,1.21,0.754,0" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ISLAND AND CITY OF ORMUZ.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On coming out of the Sea and Strait of Persia, in its mouth there is a small island, in which is the city of Ormuz, which is small and very handsome, and with very pretty houses, lofty, of stone, whitewash, and mortar, covered with terraces, and because the country is very hot, they have fans made in such a manner that they make the air come from their summits to the lower part of the houses and rooms. It is a very well situated town, which has very good streets and squares. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Outside of this city, in the island itself, there is a small mountain, which is entirely of rock salt and sulphur; this salt is in great lumps, and very white and good: they call it Indian salt, because nature produces it there; and the ships which come there from all parts take this salt as ballast, because in all other parts it is worth much money.</span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The inhabitants of this island and city are Persians and Arabs, and they speak Arabic and another language which they call Persian. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are very white, and good-looking people, of handsome bodies, both men and women; and there are amongst them black and coloured people also, who are from the country of Arabia. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the Persians, who are very white, are fat and luxurious people, who live very well. They are very voluptuous, and have musicians with various instruments. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are among them very rich merchants, and many ships, because they have a good port, and they trade in many kinds of goods, which are imported there from </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">many parts, and exported thence to other parts of India. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They bring there all sorts of spices, drugs, precious stones, and other goods, such as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmeg, long pepper, aloes-wood, sandal-wood, brasil-wood, balsam, tamarinds, Indian saffron, beeswax, iron, sugar, rice, cocoa-nuts, rubies, sapphires, giagonzas, amethysts, topazes, chrysolites, hyacinths, porcelain, benzoin; and upon all these goods much money is made, and many stuffs from the kingdom of Cambay, Chaul, Dabul, and Bengala, which are called Sinabasos, Chautars, Mamonas, Dugasas, Soranatis, which are kinds of stuffs of cotton very much valued amongst them for caps and shirts, which are much made use of by the Arabs and Persians, and people of Cairo, Aden, and Alexandria.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They also bring to this city of Ormuz, quicksilver, vermillion, rose-water, brocade and silk stuffs, scarlet woollens, coarse camelots, and silk. And from China and Catuy they bring to this city by land much fine silk in skeins, and very rare musk and rhubarb; and they bring from Babilonia very fine torquoises, and some emeralds, and very fine lapis lazuli from Acar. And from Baharem and Julfar they bring much seed pearl and large pearls, and many horses from Arabia and Persia, of which they carry away to India every year as many as five or six hundred, and at times a thousand; and the ships which export these horses load much salt, dates, and raisins, and sulphur, and of the other goods which the Indians are pleased with.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These Moors of Ormuz are very well dressed, with very white, long, and fine cotton shirts, and their fine drawers of cotton, and above that, very rich silk clothes and camelots, scarlet cloth, and very rich gauzes, with which they wrap their waists, and they wear in their girdles daggers and knives, ornamented with gold and silver, and some heavy</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_43"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[43]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> short swords, all adorned with gold and silver, according to the rank of the wearers: and large round shields, richly garnished with silk, and in their hands they carry Turkish bows, painted with gold and very pretty colours, and their cords are of silk. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These bows are of stiff wood and of buffaloes' horn; they carry very far, and these people are very good archers; their arrows are slender and well worked. Others carry in their hands iron maces, well wrought and elegant; others again, battle-axes of various patterns and of very good temper, and inlaid or enamelled.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are very agreeable and polite people, and very civil in their mutual relations.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their food is of very good meats, very well cooked, wheaten bread, and very good rice, and many other dishes very well prepared, and many kinds of conserves, and preserved fruits, and others fresh: that is to say, apples, pomegranates, peaches, apricots, figs, almonds, melons, radishes, salads, and all the other things which there are in Spain; dates of many kinds, and other eatables and fruits not used in our parts. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They drink wine of grapes in secret, because their law forbids it them; and the water which they drink is flavoured with pistachio nuts, and set to cool, for which purpose they employ and seek many methods for cooling and preserving it cool. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And all the noblemen and honourable merchants always take, wherever they go, both in the streets and public places, and on the road, a page with a bottle of water, which is covered underneath with silver, or with a silver cup, as much for state and show as for use and comfort. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">All these people possess gardens and farms, to which they go to enjoy themselves for some months of the year.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This city of Ormuz is, as has been said, very rich and well supplied with everything in the way of provisions, but everything is very dear, because it is brought by sea from the towns of Arabia and Persia, for in the island there is nothing</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_44"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[44]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> that can be made use of except salt; neither have they water to drink, for they bring it each day in boats from the mainland or other neighbouring islands. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But for all that, the squares are full of all sorts of things, and everything is sold by weight, and with great order and regulation. And they give a very proper punishment to whoever falsifies the weights or sells above the regulation price; and they also sell cooked and roasted meat by weight, and so with all other cooked victuals; and all these so well arranged and so clean that many people do not have cooking done in their houses, but eat in the squares.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The king is always in this city of Ormuz, in which he has some beautiful palaces, and a fortress, where he has his residence, and where he keeps his treasury; and there he holds all his court, and out of it provides governors or judges for all his states and lordships. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But it is his council that does everything; and he does not meddle with any affair, but only amuses himself, neither would it have been in his power to do otherwise; for if he wished to govern in person, and wished to be free and exempt like other kings, immediately they would put his eyes out, and would put him in a house with his wife, and maintain him there miserably; and they would raise up another son of his as king, or some one else more fitting for it, of his lineage, in order that his council may govern all his kingdoms and territories peacefully in his name. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And with respect to all the other heirs of the kingdom, as they grow up and become persons able to command and govern, if it should appear to the council that they desire to meddle with the government, they take them and put their eyes out also, and put them also in a house; so that there are always ten or twelve of these blind men, and those who reign live with this fear before them.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They give</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_45"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[45]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> food there to them and to their wives and children. This king has many men-at-arms, and many gentlemen who guard and serve him, and they receive very good pay and rations, and are always at the court with their arms; and they send some to the frontiers on the mainland whenever they are required.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They make gold and silver money in this city; the gold coins are called Sarafin, and are worth three hundred maravedis, and most of them are halves, which are worth a hundred and fifty, a round coin like ours, and with Moorish letters on both sides, and about the size of a fanon of Calicut, with Moorish letters, and it is worth fifty-five maravedis; they call these tanga, and they are of very fine silver, and of the standard of twelve dinars. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">There is a large quantity </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">of this money, both gold and silver, and much of it goes out to India, where it has much currency.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There came a Portuguese fleet to this kingdom of Ormuz, and its captain-major was Alfonso de Albuquerque, who attempted to come to an understanding with this kingdom of Ormuz, but the Moors would not agree, and on that account this captain began to make war upon the whole kingdom at all the sea-ports, and he did them much injury, and at last he came and touched at the port of Ormuz with his fleet, and there was a great battle there, with many and great ships full of many and smart well-armed men. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the said captain routed the fleet of the Moors, and killed many of them, and sunk many of their ships, and took and burned many which were moored in the harbour, drawn up by the wall of the city. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And when the king and the governors of the country saw such great destruction of their people and ships, without being able to assist them, they offered peace to the before-mentioned captain, who accepted it under the condition that they should let him make a fortress at one extremity of the city; and they agreed, and this began to be done; and the work having commenced, the Moors repented again, and did not choose that more should be built; and then the Portuguese began again to make war upon them, and they did them so great damage, and slaughtered so many people, that they made them tributary to the King of Portugal to the amount of fifteen thousand serafins of gold each year.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Some years from that time the king and governors of Ormuz sent an ambassador with offers of services and letters to the King of Portugal, and the before-named captain returned with his answer and a good fleet to the city of Ormuz, and there they received him very peacefully in this</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_47"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[47]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> city, and at once gave him permission and a place in which to built the fortress, which on a former occasion the Portuguese had begun to build: and he ordered it to be built at once, very large and magnificent. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At this time the king, who was a Moor, and very young, and in the power of the governors, and so ruined that he did not dare do anything of himself, found the means to inform the captain-major secretly of the little liberty he enjoyed, and that the governors kept him like a prisoner, and that they had forcibly taken the government which belongs to others who were accustomed to exercise it, and that it appeared that they were exchanging letters with Sheikh Ismail in order to give him the kingdom. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The captain-major kept this very secret, and determined to have an interview with the king; and they agreed that this interview should be in some large houses near the sea. On the day on which the interview was to take place, the captain-major entered the houses with ten or fifteen captains, leaving his people well arranged, and all concerted as was most convenient. So the king and his principal governor came there with many people, and the king and the governor entered the houses with ten or twelve honourable Moors, and the door was well shut and guarded. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Then the captain-major ordered them to kill the governor with their daggers in his presence and that of the king: and he said to the king, "Have no fear, Sir, for I do this to make you absolute king." </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">However those who were without heard the noise, and began to raise a disturbance, that it to say, the relations, servants, and friends of the said governor, who were many in number, and all came armed, so that it was necessary for the captain-major</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_48"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[48]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> to take the king by the hand; they went up on to the roof, both of them armed, in order that the king might speak thence to the Moors, and might pacify them; so he spoke to them, but could do nothing with them. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They, on the contrary, required that he should confide to them his brother and lord: and they went thence to establish themselves in the king's palace, saying they would make another king. The captain-major wished to lay hands upon them, and thus they remained a great part of the day, and the king sought how to turn them out, and the captain-major determined to kill them by force or to drive them out, as they did not choose to go out of the fortress. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">So when the Moors saw that the captain-major, with the king, was determined to attack them, they resolved to give the fortress to the king; and when they gave it up, the king commanded that they should be banished immediately, they and their families; and this was done, and they went to the mainland.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The captain-major conducted the king from these houses to the palace in triumph and honourably, and with many people, both of ours and of his, and entrusted him to the other governor who was so before. He then committed to him his palaces and the city very freely, and told the governor to serve the king very honourably, and to leave him to govern his country at his pleasure, and only give him advice, as happens with other Moorish kings: and thus he put him at liberty. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He then left in the fortress that was built a captain and many men of Portugal, and ships, in order to favour this king, who does nothing without the advice of the captain of the fort. And he is in submission to the King of Portugal, with all his kingdoms and territories.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After the captain-major had put everything in quiet and order, and under his command, he then had banished by the public crier, and turned out of the island all the paiderastoi, with a warning that if they returned there again they would</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_49"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[49]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> be burned, at which the king showed great satisfaction. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He likewise ordered all the blind kings who were in the city to be taken, and there were thirteen or fourteen of them, and put in a large ship, and he sent them to India, and they were landed at Goa, where he gave orders for them to be maintained at the expense of his revenues, so that they might end their days there, and not cause any disturbance in the kingdom of Ormuz, and be in peace and quietness.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><br /></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-59412864959647540592024-01-18T01:23:00.000-08:002024-01-18T18:47:53.003-08:00 Ormus and "Further on": 1515 Portuguese Travel Guide<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh80FNK6vnHTkGzJTpxgKcsYO4jgWdPeekyZAZ9ESqiauReeJLFZZ7yr65uO76bRBdlxJqCUGdlkXRDBpHRNwwZyodghP6fEKJT0aHLKlJ8zSQgcPuYqjHZK6_aonTvC5FE0htcAysAeiSxsGOvRCXk9vMHDOT7swuBOOmM3zPm6rIBr7qTcj366PWghK-/s1554/ormuz%20cutout.jpg" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="KINGDOM OF ORMUZ" border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="1554" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh80FNK6vnHTkGzJTpxgKcsYO4jgWdPeekyZAZ9ESqiauReeJLFZZ7yr65uO76bRBdlxJqCUGdlkXRDBpHRNwwZyodghP6fEKJT0aHLKlJ8zSQgcPuYqjHZK6_aonTvC5FE0htcAysAeiSxsGOvRCXk9vMHDOT7swuBOOmM3zPm6rIBr7qTcj366PWghK-/w444-h321/ormuz%20cutout.jpg" title="KINGDOM OF ORMUZ" width="444" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">Ormus and "Further on." (</span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_17577/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i><br />Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">KINGDOM OF ORMUZ.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">After passing this Cape of Fasalhat along the coast to the north-east, there are many towns and castles of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">kingdom of Ormuz</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> in Arabia, fifty leagues to the north-east, and then twenty-five leagues to the east, and as much again to the north-east and north, and then it makes a bay to the north-west for twelve leagues, and turns to the north-east twenty-five leagues as far as Cape Refalcate, and then it turns to the north-west, making bays until Madea, which are eighty-six leagues off, and from there it trends to the north-east by north thirty leagues until Cape Mocondon, which is at the mouth of the sea of Persia, which is twelve leagues in width, and on this sea also further on, this rule and lordship continue to extend, and there are in it many towns and forts; and islands which are in the midst of the said sea of Persia, inhabited by Moors. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">These places belonging to this kingdom are the following. In the beginning of this kingdom on the coast outside of this sea of Persia, is:—</span></span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">First <b>Calhat</b>, a very large town of handsome houses, and</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1089.27px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_33"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[33]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> well situated; the inhabitants are rich nobles and merchants: it is forty-four leagues from Cape Fasalhat. Thirty-two leagues further on there is another small place called Tybi, which has good water with which the ships navigating all this coast provide themselves.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Twenty-five leagues further on is another small place called Daxnia, also a sea-port.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Thirty leagues further on is another large place which is a very good town of much trade in merchandise, which is called Curiat, in which, as well as in the others in the neighbourhood, there is plenty of meat, wheat, dates, and other fruit in abundance: there are plenty of horses, which are bred in the country, and they are very good, and the Moors of Ormuz come to buy them for exportation to India.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving this town of <b>Curiat</b>, at twelve leagues along the coast is another place with a fortress which is called <b>Sar</b>, which the King of Ormuz keeps there.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Having doubled the Cape of Resalcate, the coast turns to the sea of Persia. Forty leagues further on from this cape is another town upon the coast itself called <b>Mazquate</b>. It is a large town, and of very honourable people, and of much trade in merchandise, and a place of great fisheries: they catch large fish there, which they export dried and salted to other parts.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Going along the coast further on to the sea of Persia there is at a distance of ten leagues another place called <b>Sohar</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving this town of Sohar, further inland from the coast, at fourteen leagues off is another fortress of the King of Ormuz called <b>Rosach</b>; and with these fortresses this king is better able to keep all this country in subjection.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Having passed the fortress of Rosach, there is another fortress called Nahel twelve leagues off.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1089.27px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_34"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[34]</span></a></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Twelve leagues further on is another place they call <b>Madeha</b>; it is a small place, of few inhabitants, inside the mouth of the Sea of Persia, thirty leagues to the south-west.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on, there is a large place of many inhabitants called <b>Corfasan</b>, around which and the other neighbouring places are many very agreeable country houses belonging to the chief men and most honoured of the Moors of Ormuz, who come during certain months of the year there to repose, and to collect their provisions, and enjoy their fruit.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Fifteen leagues further on there is another place on the coast, called <b>Dadena</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">As much again further on to the south-west, another place called <b>Daba</b>. Further on, on the coast to the south-west by west, at a distance of lxxxv leagues, is another very large town called <b>Julfar</b>, where there are many very respectable people, and many merchants and sailors. And there they fish up many large pearls and seed pearls, which the merchants of the city of Ormuz come there to buy, to carry them to India and other parts. This place is one of much trade, and produces a great deal to the king of Ormuz.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further along the coast of the Persian Sea, in the before-mentioned inner part, are three other places belonging to the king of Ormuz: <b>Raçolhiman</b>, which is a good town, at a distance of twenty-four leagues, and another beyond this, called <b>Melquehoan</b>, and six leagues further on there is a fortress called <b>Calba</b>, which the king maintains to defend his country from the Bedouins, who live in the interior of </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">the country, and who are governed by sheikhs; and at times they go against these towns of the kingdom of Ormuz, and make war upon them, and sometimes they make them rebel against the king.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This king of Ormuz possesses, besides these places already mentioned, on the coast of Arabia, many other towns in the country of Persia, on the sea-coast, and in the midst of the Persian Sea many islands inhabited by Moors, in which he has many large towns, very rich and handsome, all of which are named separately further on, and afterwards the island and city of Ormuz and its customs are mentioned.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">On this coast the king of Ormuz has a town called <b>Baha</b>, in which he maintains his governors.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Having passed this place, further along the coast is another place called <b>Dexar</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on another place called <b>Xahen</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on another place called <b>Ygun</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on another place called <b>El-guadun</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on another place called <b>Nabani</b>, from which place they carry much water to drink to Ormuz, because there is no drinkable water there; and from this and all those other places they carry to Ormuz all its supplies.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on is another place called <b>Guan-meda</b>, and from there further on there are also some other places belonging to the king of Ormuz, which are the following—<b>Lefete</b>, <b>Quesebi</b>, and from here further on the coast turns to the north-west by north as far as the mouth of the river Eufrates, and it begins here to be a wide estuary. <b>Berohu</b>, <b>Caljar</b>, <b>Xuza</b>, <b>Mohimasim</b>, <b>Lima</b>, <b>Gorbaz</b>, <b>Alguefa</b>, <b>Carmon</b>. Which </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">lasts two hundred and forty leagues, and then <b>Bazera</b>, a castle of <b>Sophi</b>. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At the entrance of the river Eufrates the land turns to the sea in a southerly direction eighty leagues, and then returns as much again to the north, and after that turns again to the south, when there begin these towns—<b>Cohomo</b>, <b>Barque Guex</b>, <b>Ganguan</b>, <b>Basido</b>, <b>Goxtaque</b>, <b>Conch</b>, <b>Conga</b>, <b>Ebrahemi</b>, and as far as this there are one hundred and sixty-five leagues, and after that <b>Xenase</b>, <b>Menahao Xamile</b>, <b>Leytam</b>, <b>Bamtani</b>, <b>Doani</b>, and from this point the coast trends to the east for a distance of thirty leagues as far as <b>Lorom</b>. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Between these places there are many large towns with much trade, and very respectable inhabitants, and great merchants; and many castles, which the King of Ormuz maintains for the defence of his country, and they are all on the coast of the Persian Sea. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They are</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1089.27px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_37"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[37]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> places abundantly supplied with meat and wheaten bread, barley, vines, and all other things which are found in our parts, and many dates; and the inhabitants of these towns are white, and very polite people; they dress in long clothes of silk and cotton stuffs and camelots; and this is a very rich country.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE ISLANDS OF THE KINGDOM OF ORMUZ.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the mouth of this sea of Persia there are the following islands belonging to the king of Ormuz. <b>Cuyx</b>, <b>Andrany</b>, <b>Baxeal</b>, <i><b>Quiro</b></i>, <i><b>Lar</b></i>, <b>Cojar</b>, <b>Tomon</b>, <b><i>Firror</i> Guolar</b>, <b>Melugan</b>, <b>Gory</b>, <b>Queximi</b>, <b>Baharem</b>.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These two islands of <b>Queximi </b>and <b>Baharem </b>are large; and <b>Queximi </b>has eight inhabited towns and has plenty of provisions. Baharem has a large town of many Moors, important and honourable personages. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And it is distant from <b>Lorom </b>to the north-east xxxiv leagues, and to the island of Queximi fifty leagues of channel; and between it and the mainland from two to four leagues; and after that the coast turns between north-east and east, until the island of Ormuz for xxxv leagues, of which island mention is made lower down.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Merchants from many parts reside in this island, and it is situated in the middle of this sea, and many ships with great merchandise sail to it; and here and in the neighbourhood much seed pearl and many pearls are produced, and they fish them on the island itself, from which there is a great profit to the inhabitants; and the king draws from this</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_38"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[38]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> island and from all the others large revenues. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The merchants of Ormuz go to this island of Baharem to buy the pearls and seed pearl for India and other parts where they find it profitable, and for the kingdom of <b>Narsinga</b>; and also those of Persia and Arabia go there to buy them, and in all this sea of Persia these pearls are found, but not in such quantity as in this island of Baharem.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><br /></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-80867905639077038032024-01-17T00:51:00.000-08:002024-01-18T01:11:28.197-08:00Barbosa's Port and Town of Xeher (Al-Shihr)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS0OwWRpJa-EXIMUvx4Px7WuwJGvyRpAu7kBSF9Hr9BohKlBy2yErgkaEdEtn_ZRa-Kdz_IdbYdVPIMpP5CKMfBuCFfU3YKNLO2W1FASKmnuMuU8SZItltddGnyLxlTr_86DqOTPmrR6WCpe_qyf_DtRuHmOfVcDw0gqehGLgpA04O1L4SMAlUek4tB2fw/s1450/ash%20shihr.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Al-Shihr" border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1450" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS0OwWRpJa-EXIMUvx4Px7WuwJGvyRpAu7kBSF9Hr9BohKlBy2yErgkaEdEtn_ZRa-Kdz_IdbYdVPIMpP5CKMfBuCFfU3YKNLO2W1FASKmnuMuU8SZItltddGnyLxlTr_86DqOTPmrR6WCpe_qyf_DtRuHmOfVcDw0gqehGLgpA04O1L4SMAlUek4tB2fw/w429-h282/ash%20shihr.jpg" title="Al-Shihr" width="429" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Al-Shihr (Xeher)</span>. Source: Google Maps.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (Ramusio). 1515.</i></div></span><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DIUFAR.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">Leaving </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2024/01/Cape-Guardafun-and-the-Mouth-of-the-Strait-of-Mecca.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Cape Fartach</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> towards the coast of the open sea to the north-east by east, going along the coast </span><span class="smcap" style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">L</span><span style="color: #660000;"> leagues off is a town of the Moors and sea-port called Diufar, a city of the kingdom of Fartach, in which the Moors of Cambay trade in cotton stuffs, rice, and other goods.</span></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shihr" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;"><span><a name='more'></a></span>XEHER</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Further on from this place, in the direction of the same wind, at xx leagues off, along the same coast, is another</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1044.5px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_31"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[31]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> town of the Moors, called Xeher; it also belongs to the kingdom of Fartach, and is very large; it has a large trade in the stuffs, which the Moors of Cambay, Chaul, Dabul, and Baticala, and the country of Malabar, bring in their ships to this port and town of Xeher; these are coarse and fine cotton stuffs, with which they clothe themselves; granates on strings and several other jewels of small value, much rice, sugar, and spice of all kinds, cocoa-nuts, and other goods, which they sell there to the merchants of the country, who carry them from there to Aden and all this part of Arabia. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the importers afterwards employ the money in horses for India: these are very large and very good, and each one of them in India is worth five or six hundred ducats. And they also take from there much wormwood, which grows in that country. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And in the interior of the country all the people are Beduins: in this country there is much wheat and plenty of meat and dates, grapes, and all other fruits which are in our parts. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And all the ships which sail from India for the Red Sea, and having been delayed cannot arrive in good time with their merchandise at the place of their destination, remain to sell them in this port of Xeher, and from there they go to India along the coast to Cambay. And so this port is large and of much trade at all times. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This King of Fartach is, with the whole of his kingdom, in obedience to the King of Aden, because he holds a brother of his a prisoner. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The wormwood which grows in this country of Xeher is carried from here to all the world, and the ships of this place load the said wormwood, which is there worth a hundred and fifty maravedis the hundred weight.</span></p><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><hr /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><br /></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-67590784820163133982024-01-12T21:17:00.000-08:002024-01-12T21:19:26.239-08:00Cape Guardafun and the Mouth of the "Strait of Mecca"<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwICvmkJZhSjH1CiEbYSFvuIolRhWSPPan8phgny3rkfMsmeY29urFaLp9nmNTWSm2V-c0VproTEDjZ83duyWy-cA0Gp-guZ120exaFXeiymDIwXSHoek2ynwHZnTzkEWhK6HlP2ZCPtK3ZOxz13CI5yJ_ZwuooLPVLaT0UqKOsmjTZzemWJU6lgQiGqq/s2970/fartach.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Cape Fartach at center, Ortelius, 1570" border="0" data-original-height="1530" data-original-width="2970" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwICvmkJZhSjH1CiEbYSFvuIolRhWSPPan8phgny3rkfMsmeY29urFaLp9nmNTWSm2V-c0VproTEDjZ83duyWy-cA0Gp-guZ120exaFXeiymDIwXSHoek2ynwHZnTzkEWhK6HlP2ZCPtK3ZOxz13CI5yJ_ZwuooLPVLaT0UqKOsmjTZzemWJU6lgQiGqq/w520-h268/fartach.jpg" title="Cape Fartach at center, Ortelius, 1570" width="520" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #660000;"> <span style="font-family: arial;">Cape Fartach at center, Ortelius, 1570. (</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_17577/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">, 1515.</i></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><i style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></i></span></div><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">CAPE FARTACH AND THE ISLAND OF SACOTORA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In this country and kingdom there is a cape which is called Cape Fartach, where the coast turns and makes a bend towards the said sea between north-east and east, and between this cape and that of Guardafun [1], is the mouth of the strait of Mecca, which runs north-west and south-east, and it is xl leagues in width, where all the ships pass for those voyages and to the Red Sea. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Above Cape Guardafun, to the north-east by east, twenty-seven leagues off, is an island called Sacotora, with very high mountains, it is inhabited by dusky people, who are said to be Christians; but they are deficient in the teaching of the Christian law and baptism, and have got only the name of Christians: they have in their chapels crosses.</span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It was in former times a country of Christians, and the Christian doctrine was lost there on account of Christian navigation having ceased there; and the Moors say that this was an island of Amazons, who later in the course of time mixed with men, and something of this appears to be the case, since there the women administer property and manage it, without the husbands having a voice in the matter.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These people have a language of their own; they go without clothes, and only cover their nakedness with cotton cloths and skins: they have many cows and sheep, and date palms.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their victuals are meat, milk,</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_30"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[30]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> and dates. In this island there is much dragon's blood and aloes of Socotra.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the Moors of Fartach built in it a fortress, to subjugate them, and turn them Moors; and some of those that lived around the fortress were Moors, and served the Moors of the fort like their slaves, both in their persons and property.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A fleet of the King of Portugal arrived at this island, and took this fortress by force of arms from the Moors of Fartach, fighting with them: and they defended themselves much more vigorously than any men of these parts; so that they never would give themselves up, and all died in the fight, for none of them escaped; so that they are very good and daring fighting men.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Captain of this fleet left troops and artillery in this fortress in order to keep it in the name of the King of Portugal.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And quite near to this island of Sacotora there are two other islands inhabited by coloured people and blacks, like the people of the Canary Islands, without law or knowledge, and they have no dealings with any other people.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In these two islands much amber and of good quality is found, and many shells of the valuable and precious kind in the mine, and much dragon's blood and aloes of Socotra; and there are large flocks of sheep and oxen.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b>Notes<u>:</u></b></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">1. From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">Cape Guardafui</b><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somali language">Somali</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">: </span><i lang="so" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">Gees Gardafuul, or Raas Caseyr, or Ras Asir</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">: </span><span dir="rtl" face="sans-serif" lang="ar" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">راس عسير</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian language">Italian</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">: </span><i lang="it" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">Capo Guardafui</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">) <span style="font-family: arial;">is a </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Headland">headland</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> in the autonomous </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puntland">Puntland</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> region in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">. Coextensive with Puntland's </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardafuul" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gardafuul">Gardafuul</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> administrative province, it forms the geographical apex of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">. Its shore at 51°27'52"E is the second easternmost point on mainland Africa after </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Hafun" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ras Hafun">Ras Hafun</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">. The offshore oceanic strait </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> (or </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">Marinka Gardafuul</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">) is named after it.</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2024 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-41140469587938627372024-01-01T20:00:00.000-08:002024-01-06T21:28:48.916-08:00Bustling Port of Aden, 1515<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMllqDbMokX1NRBVkbxRk7gao7bCORftlklnQEHAw30GY1enicp4jFWuyd0FmWj40I3ZjMzkprZ4vMa8RHxYeG9EWeyZFD3D11Y8R1_vIa4-KTL0crjQDJCr0QujtsJbYOQ5BcvuaryNaWdrah9w_TIOzVTPppVRaJn5CyT6oupUhku4FfrIFX-et1amo0/s2560/F6A_N_nbQAAOhU1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="2560" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMllqDbMokX1NRBVkbxRk7gao7bCORftlklnQEHAw30GY1enicp4jFWuyd0FmWj40I3ZjMzkprZ4vMa8RHxYeG9EWeyZFD3D11Y8R1_vIa4-KTL0crjQDJCr0QujtsJbYOQ5BcvuaryNaWdrah9w_TIOzVTPppVRaJn5CyT6oupUhku4FfrIFX-et1amo0/w472-h190/F6A_N_nbQAAOhU1.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #660000;">C. 1572 view of Aden and 3 other ports. (</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aden_-_Ca._1572_view_of_Aden_and_3_other_ports_(cropped).jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br style="text-align: left;" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">, 1515.</i></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ADEN.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Coming out of the Red Sea by Babelmendel, which is in the straits, as has been said, towards the open sea, further on the coast there are several towns of Moors, which all belong to the kingdom of Aden, and having passed these villages you arrive at the town of Aden, which belongs to the Moors, and has a king over it.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It is a very handsome city, with very large and fine houses, and a place of much trade, with good streets, and surrounded with a strong wall in their fashion. </span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">This city is on a point between a mountain and the sea; and this mountain ridge on the side of the main land is a precipitous </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">rock, in such manner that on that side it has no more than one entrance, and on the top of this ridge, where the town is, there are many small towers, which look very pretty from the sea.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Inside the city there is no water at all, and outside of the gate towards the main land there is a building to which they make water come in pipes from another mountain at some little distance from there, and between one ridge and the other ridge there was a great plain.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">In this city there are great Moorish merchants, and many Jews. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They are white men, a few of them black, they dress in cloth of cotton, silk, scarlet wool, and camelots. Their clothes are long robes, and they wear caps on their heads, and with low shoes on their feet.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Their victuals are plenty of meat, wheaten bread, and rice which comes from India: there is plenty of fruit as in our parts, and there are in this place many horses and camels.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The king is always in the interior of the country, and he maintains his governor in this city.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many ships, great and small, come there from many parts; that is to say, from Jiddah, whence they bring them much copper and quicksilver, and vermillion, coral, cloths of wool and silk. And they take from here in return spices, drugs, cotton cloths, and other things from Cambay, with provisions and other goods.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Many ships also touch there from Zeyla and Berbera with provisions and other goods, and carry away from there stuffs from Cambay, alaquequas,</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">and large and small beads perforated for stringing, with which they trade in Arabia Felix, and in the country of Prester John.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Some ships from Ormuz likewise touch there to trade, and also from Cambay, whence they bring much cotton stuff, spices, drugs, jewels and pearls, alaquequas, spun cotton, and unspun; and they take from these madder, opium, raisins, copper, quicksilver, vermillion, rose-water which they make there, woollen and silk stuffs, coloured </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">stuffs from Mecca, and gold in ingots or coined, and thread and camelots. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And these ships of Cambay are so many and so large, and with so much merchandise, that it is a terrible thing to think of so great an expenditure of cotton stuffs as they bring.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">There come likewise to this port of Aden many ships from Chaul and Dabul, and from Bengal and the country of Calicut; they used to come there with the before-mentioned goods and with a large quantity of rice and sugar, and cocoa-nuts which grow on the palm trees, and which are like nuts in flavour, and with the kernels</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">they make drinking cups.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">There also arrive there ships from Bengal, Samatra, and Malaca, which bring much spices and drugs, silks, benzoin, alacar,</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">sandal-wood, aloes-wood, rhubarb, musk, and much cotton stuffs from Bengal and Mangala,</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">so that it is a place of as much trade as there can be in the world, and of the richest merchandise.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The fleet and armament of the King of Portugal came to this city, and took and burned in its harbour several ships laden with much merchandise, and several empty ships, and it made an assault to enter the town, and mounted the walls with scaling ladders, which broke with the weight of the many people on them; so that the Portuguese went out again, and abandoned the town: and at this entry the Moors defended themselves very vigorously, and many of them died, and some of the Christians.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">KINGDOM OF FARTACH.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Having passed the said kingdom of Aden, going out of the strait towards the East, there is another kingdom of the Moors about twenty-five leagues off, near the sea, it has three or four towns on the coast, and they are called Xebech,</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_29"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[29]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> Diufar, and Fartach. These Moors have got a king over them and are very good fighting men: they have got horses which they make use of in war, and good arms with short blades; the said king is subject to the King of Aden and is his servant.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-58378522121711831632023-12-21T21:22:00.000-08:002024-01-14T21:38:33.575-08:00 Enrique of Malacca: Online Sources<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEZneN00I-jNZjLyyI-V7rzhlfAsDxO7EFxD8KSkUZhpbw2UJwV63Sz_rjKjqIblN9DXnH0jZHZ4kxx6FDRTa_gsKgs1wNfTyhpQ0f2DrfLsZROdkh-jU-H1bW14BaE8BHnBu-h-eeVkch_XixrVD3-o43BFfWw43aysXRi2L7914YszfJYFI4avqn-EO/s1652/enrique%20image%20search.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1652" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEZneN00I-jNZjLyyI-V7rzhlfAsDxO7EFxD8KSkUZhpbw2UJwV63Sz_rjKjqIblN9DXnH0jZHZ4kxx6FDRTa_gsKgs1wNfTyhpQ0f2DrfLsZROdkh-jU-H1bW14BaE8BHnBu-h-eeVkch_XixrVD3-o43BFfWw43aysXRi2L7914YszfJYFI4avqn-EO/w400-h254/enrique%20image%20search.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">The Many Faces of Enrique of Malacca.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-1df797ec-7fff-24a6-2b80-8bd75988180e"><span style="font-family: arial;"><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Only a handful of contemporary sources mention Enrique (Henrique), Ferdinand Magellan’s slave-interpreter, yet the character has grabbed people's imagination and been adopted as a hero in Southeast Asian countries. The notion that an Austronesian slave taken in war became one of the first—and possibly </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">thee </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">first—circumnavigators has fueled study of Enrique and made him a character depicted in fiction and film. Below are links to materials and discussion of Enrique of Malacca.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name='more'></a></span><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Most of the contemporary sources are available online at the Internet Archive, Gutenberg.org, and elsewhere. Find links and discussion of those sources at the </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/p/enrique-of-malacca-sources-and-resources.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #20124d;">Online Resources Page</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> of Enrique’s Voyage. For immediate reference, a main online source containing several contemporary accounts is included (immediately) below (chronicler Antonio Pigafetta’s journal, Francisco Albo’s navigational log, and others).</span></span></p><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Contemporary Accounts: Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Maximilian the Transylvan. </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_First_Voyage_Round_the_World" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> and Other Contemporary Documents. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Translated into English by Lord Stanley of Alderley. Printed for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1874. This collection includes Pigafetta’s journal and other key accounts including Francisco Ablo’s navigational log that charted the expedition’s position and progress on a daily basis. For other contemporary accounts, see links on </span><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">the </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/p/enrique-of-malacca-sources-and-resources.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Online Resources Page</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> of Enrique Voyage.</span></span></p><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Wikipedia, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. Wikipedia’s basic article offers good coverage on Enrique with citations to further sources. For more, see the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Enrique_of_Malacca" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Wikipedia: Enrique of Malacca Talk Page</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, which shows debate and discussion about Enrique, especially concerning his origin. Some scholars in the Philippines believe that since Enrique could converse with locals at Limasawa Island and Cebu, he may have been from the Visayas and was perhaps already a slave in Malacca when the Portuguese invaded and Enrique became Ferdinand Magellan’s slave.</span></span></p><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Enrique of Malacca’s Journey. </span><a href="http://enriqueofmalacca.com" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">EnriqueOfMalacca.com</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. This site offers essays and resources on Enrique, Magellan, and the history Enrique witnessed during his ten-year circumnavigation, 1512–1522.</span></span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Who was the first circumnavigator?</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Around the world people associate the first circumnavigation with Ferdinand Magellan, and many schoolchildren are taught that he was the first to circle the globe, despite Magellan’s death at Mactan halfway through that voyage. After Magellan, credit is often given to </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Juan Sebastián Elcano, originally a ship’s master aboard the Concepción who became the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria</span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">’s captain during the final year of the expedition. It was the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">that completed a first circuit of the globe in September 1522.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">But Enrique of Malacca completed a circumnavigation by language a full year and a half before the 18 men aboard the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">reached Spain. He sailed so far in one direction that he returned to a region where his own language was spoken. And he may have traveled to where he started, Malacca.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">So who gets credit for the first circumnavigation, Enrique, Magellan, or Elcano? Or if the latter, perhaps whichever crewman was at the bow of the returning </span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">when it crossed the path of its departing route? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca Becomes First to Circumnavigate Globe</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,” by John Sailors. Enrique of Malacca’s Voyage, March 27, 2023.</span></span></h3><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.history.com/news/was-magellan-the-first-person-to-circumnavigate-the-globe" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Was Magellan the First Person to Circumnavigate the Globe?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Evan Andrews. History Channel (History.com), updated Aug. 31, 2023.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/07/507916/magellan-or-enrique-who-was-really-first-person-sail-around" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Magellan or Enrique? Who was really the first person to sail around the world?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Alan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Teh Leam Seng. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">New Straits Times, July 27, 2019. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://magellanproject.org/tag/enrique/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Who Closed the Circle First?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Jim Foster. The Magellan Project (MagellanProject.org), Aug. 26, 2015.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/first-person-circumnavigate-globe" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Did an Enslaved Man Beat Magellan to Circling the World?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Kate McMahon. Atlas Obscura, Nov. 20, 2023. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/port3.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Melaka</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.” by Sabri Zain. Sabrizain.org. Throrough, well researched write-up on Enrique of Malacca’s overall story. Suitable for classroom use with layout and images.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/134991/enrique-magellans-elusive-slave" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique, Magellan’s elusive slave</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.” by Ambeth R. Ocampo. Philippine Daily Inquirer (Inquirer.net), Nov. 4, 2020. “</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It must have been a Freudian slip, but I did hear someone once refer to the Magellan expedition as the first “circumcision” of the world. …”</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.theawl.com/2012/07/the-slave-who-circumnavigated-the-world/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">The Slave Who Circumnavigated The World</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,” by Josh </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Fruhlinger. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Awl (TheAwl.com), July 30, 2012.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Debate: Enrique of Malacca’s Origin</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><i>Enrique has become a legend in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and debate over his origin has been at times lively. Ferdinand Magellan’s will filed in Seville in 1519 stated that Enrique was from Malacca. Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition’s principal chronicler, wrote that Enrique was from Sumatra, the large island across the strait. But some scholars in the Philippines argue that Enrique may have been from the Visayan Islands, since Enrique was able to converse with people there, at Limasawa and Cebu. Whatever the answer, the heat of the debate shows how well embraced Enrique has been by people throughout Island Southeast Asia. Here’s the debate.</i></span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/04/httpwww.storycrestblog.storycrest.com202204WhereWasEnriqueofMalaccaFromMalaccaorPhilippines.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Where Was Enrique of Malacca from, Malacca or the Philippines</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">?” by John Sailors. Enrique of Malacca’s Voyage, April 20, 2022.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://thefilipinochronicle.com/2023/04/16/who-is-enrique-de-malacca-in-philippine-history/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Who Is Enrique De Malacca In Philippine History?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Federico V. Magdalena. Filipino Chronicle, April 16, 2023. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/03/27/opinion/columnists/all-about-enrique-who-was-not-a-filipino/855936" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">All about Enrique, who was not a Filipino</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.” by Michael Chua. The Manila Times, March 27, 2021.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/trans-trans-regional-and-national-studies-of-southeast-asia/article/abs/enrique-de-malaccamaluku-another-chapter-in-the-indonesiamalaysia-heritage-war/04FAD4300D97C89F32CB161835B1F7B0" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique de Malacca/Maluku: Another Chapter in the Indonesia–Malaysia Heritage War?</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Rommel </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Curaming.</span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Published online by Cambridge University Press, December 16, 2022. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Enrique, accompanied him on his voyages and may have actually been the first to circumnavigate the world. This paper examines the extent to which the still sporadic and small-scale — but sometimes fierce — online disputes between Indonesian and Malaysian netizens over the “ownership” and “national” origin of Enrique might develop further as part of the long-standing “heritage war” between the two countries. It explains the historical roots of the dispute over Enrique, discusses reactions to it in Indonesia and, to an extent, in Malaysia, and analyzes the coverage of and exchanges about Enrique on social media. …”</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique de Malacca? The Historical Sins of Carlos Quirino.</span></span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” Seafarer Times.com, Maritime News for Filipino Seafarers, Sept. 23, 2021.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://journal.com.ph/a-great-filipino-enrique-of-limasawa/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">A Great Filipino: Enrique of Limasawa</span><span style="color: #660000;">,</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by Compadre Damaso. Journal Online (journal.com.ph), March 27, 2021. Extended write-up that draws out the story of the voyage along the way and as Magellan’s expedition reached the Visayas.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Wikipedia: </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Enrique_of_Malacca" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca Talk Page</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, which shows debate and discussion about Enrique, especially concerning his origin. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Harun Aminurrashid’s Panglima Awang</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In 1958, the Malay author </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Harun Aminurrashid published </span><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Panglima Awang</span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, a novel titled after the name he invented for Enrique of Malacca. The story makes Enrique a young leader who is captured near Malacca while fighting the Portuguese, and then enslaved. Panglima Awang goes on to accompany Ferdinand Magellan on the travels that follow, finally circling the globe. The book popularized the historical character in Southeast Asia, where the name Panglima Awang is often preferred to Enrique (or Henrique),as is a competing name given the character, Henry the Black. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Panglima Awang </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">was translated into English, though copies of the book can be difficult to find. (Check back for updates.)</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.melakahariini.my/the-world-view-of-harun-aminurrashid-creator-of-panglima-awang/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">The World View of Harun Aminurrashid, Creator of Panglima Awang</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.” by Ahmad Murad Mohd Noor Merican. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Melaka Hari Ini., July 2, 2022. “</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HARUN Muhammad Amin was of the few influential lecturers at the Sultan Idris Training College (SITC) in Tanjong Malim. Harun was of course</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Harun Aminurrashid of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Panglima Awang</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> fame. Without Harun, we would probably not know of Panglima Awang, at least not in the present national imagination. …”</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.melakahariini.my/in-the-shadow-of-magellan/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In the shadow of Magellan</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,”by </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ahmad Murad Mohd Noor Merican.</span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Melaka Hari Ini., Dec. 27, 2020. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><span style="color: #073763;"><a href="https://www.connectedpapers.com/main/b4a4101e9e11456f910ad52c133b5a700ec9cb60/HISTORY%2C-LITERATURE-AND-SOCIAL-CHANGE%3A-HARUN-AMINURRASHID'S-INDEPENDENCE-NOVEL-PANGLIMA-AWANG/graph" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">History, Literature and Social Change: Harun Aminurrashid's Independence Novel ‘Panglima Awang</span></a><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">’” (</span><a href="https://www.connectedpapers.com/main/b4a4101e9e11456f910ad52c133b5a700ec9cb60/HISTORY%2C-LITERATURE-AND-SOCIAL-CHANGE%3A-HARUN-AMINURRASHID'S-INDEPENDENCE-NOVEL-PANGLIMA-AWANG/graph" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">JSTOR PDF</span></a></span><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">)</span><span style="color: #660000;">. Virginia Matheson Hooker. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A look at the Malay novelist </span><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Aminurrashid" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Harun Aminurrashid</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">'s novel about Enrique of Malacca, </span><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12833349-panglima-awang" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Panglima Awang</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, and Malay nationalism at the time. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13639810903269342" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">A Voyage to Freedom, Imagining the Portuguese in Harun Aminurrashid's Historical Novel ‘Panglima Awang,</span><span style="color: #660000;">’</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” by G. L. Koster. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Indonesia and the Malay World, 37:109, 375-396, DOI: </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810903269342" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">10.1080/13639810903269342</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span></span></h2><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://hocpodcast.wordpress.com/2021/01/03/ep-12-enrique-of-malacca-in-postcolonial-literature/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca in Postcolonial Literature</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,” History of Colonization Podcast.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.owlapps.net/owlapps_apps/articles?id=973115&lang=en" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Enrique of Malacca at OwlApps.net</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. General write-up with a useful list of Enrique of Malacca depicted in film and fiction. Includes a list of sources</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ahmad Fuad Osman’s Enrique of Malacca Exhibition</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ahmadfuadosman.com/event-item/enrique-de-malacca-memorial-project/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique de Malacca Memorial Project</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> by Ahmad Fuad Osman, this page at AhmadFuadOsman.com. “I first came across Enrique de Malacca in 1985 in my mother’s small collection of old books. It was a novel titled </span><span style="color: #660000; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Panglima Awang </span><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">and authored by the Malay reformist Harun Aminurrashid. Published in 1958, a year after Malaya’s independence, the book was my first introduction to an alternative history of the Malay world. …”</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/enrique-de-malacca-memorial-project-ahmad-fuad-osman/XwErfW_fsF_EUw?hl=en" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Google Arts and Culture: Enrique de Malacca Memorial Project</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, by Ahmad Fuad Osman, 2016. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> A memorial featuring a portrait and a statue of an imagined Enrique, together </span><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m07z4p" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">with video</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> documentation, artifacts and copies of documents. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ahmad Fuad Osman’s Enrique memorial project is also featured on this </span><a href="http://www.ilhamgallery.com/exhibitions/skola-gambar/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Ilham Gallery page</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.bfm.my/podcast/evening-edition/everyones-a-critic/everyones-a-critic-skola-gambar-enrique-de-malacca" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Everyone’s A Critic - Skola Gambar Enrique de Malacca</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">” (podcast). by Adriana Nordin Manan. BMF The Business Station 89.9, April 25, 2022. </span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Trivia</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“</span><a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/enrique-de-malacca-mw0001250737" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,” by Junior Kalit, All Music (AllMusic.com). Enrique of Malacca in song, not bad for a teenage kid from Malacca five hundred years ago.</span></p><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div style="font-size: large; font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">See also Enrique of Malacca on Twitter: </span><a href="https://twitter.com/CircumNavgating" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #073763;">@circumnavigating</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> and on </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Circumnavigating" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #073763;">Facebook</span></span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i>Editor's Note: This page will be updated periodically with new links added.</i></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /><hr /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;"><i>(C) 2023, by John Sailors. All rights reserved.</i></span></div></span></span></span>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-40801442495727800572023-12-08T12:25:00.000-08:002023-12-08T19:33:16.870-08:00John Mandeville Travelogue Predicts the Magellan-Enrique Circumnavigation<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgum1QNnY_IJOOTWYLJssiNFY8AJjOGMgGteCpG8IHC6zbK56fPVb3T3EmC72pii2O5q89MAL_Uv1M82G-_fHHqOmOwnUd3f_E4AMwmQvvTq5Ham3Ak0QzeVag5IjuLNakTftTRptTTTBUN/s2048/mandeville-travelers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Left: Mandeville; right: travelers approach the town dock at Jaffa" border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="2048" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgum1QNnY_IJOOTWYLJssiNFY8AJjOGMgGteCpG8IHC6zbK56fPVb3T3EmC72pii2O5q89MAL_Uv1M82G-_fHHqOmOwnUd3f_E4AMwmQvvTq5Ham3Ak0QzeVag5IjuLNakTftTRptTTTBUN/w400-h278/mandeville-travelers.jpg" title="Left: Mandeville; right: travelers approach the town dock at Jaffa" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Left: Mandeville; right: travelers approach <br />the town dock at Jaffa</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i>Updated from Sept. 5, 2021.</i></span></div></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A handful of medieval travelogues were the closest thing <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Magellan</a> had to a travel guide when he sought a westward route to Asia—accounts credited to Marco Polo, John Mandeville, and others, and those all echoed the same monsters and myths repeated since the time of Pliny the Elder, the Roman author whose </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Naturalis Historiae</span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> helped inspire the encyclopedia.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It gets little mention today, but </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/782/782-h/782-h.htm" target="_blank">The Travels of Sir John Mandeville</a> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">was a world atlas of sorts in medieval Europe, essential reading for navigators and explorers. The accounts became circulated widely in Europe in the fourteenth century. They detail travels in North Africa and the Middle East, and in India, China, and even the Malay Peninsula—which would have been of particular interest to Ferdinand Magellan, and also <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/enrique-of-malacca-completes-first.html" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca</a>, Magellan’s interpreter-slave.<span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-6668af00-7fff-75c3-558d-fb9804af5566" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It was clear early on that much of the </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mandeville </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">travelogue was borrowed, yet it’s a collection of knowledge and tales and, importantly, a record of the medieval European mind-set.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">The author introduces himself as <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mandeville" target="_blank">Sir John Mandeville</a>, an English knight, though no historical corroboration exists. The work was possibly written by a Flemish monk named Jan de Langhe in the early 1300s, a prolific writer and collector of travelogues. The earliest surviving text is in French.</span></div></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWUVqCJpy9vcqlFepnqXC1hYqpvXk3MgHJsdGFE7hXyeRthI0NvTsw12xoDGMR79oGJXqxqQ2ihjC99qimFShHfH6MBSZXvB7mXA-uYwj7C1mNMZytSaouPjNg44GxF6tBC15y_OCwheNc/s1500/DepartureOfOdoricOfPordenone.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The departure of Odoric." border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="1500" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWUVqCJpy9vcqlFepnqXC1hYqpvXk3MgHJsdGFE7hXyeRthI0NvTsw12xoDGMR79oGJXqxqQ2ihjC99qimFShHfH6MBSZXvB7mXA-uYwj7C1mNMZytSaouPjNg44GxF6tBC15y_OCwheNc/w320-h152/DepartureOfOdoricOfPordenone.jpg" title="The departure of Odoric." width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: arial;">The departure of Odoric.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;">It’s possible also that the author did not in fact travel: Much of the manuscript is commandeered from other sources. His accounts of East Asia including the Malay Peninsula mirror those from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Odoric-of-Pordenone" target="_blank">Odoric of Pordenone</a> (1286–1331), an Italian missionary explorer. </div></span></span><p></p><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Odoric, a Franciscan friar, was sent to Asia as a missionary around 1316, where he remained until 1329. His travels took him beyond the normal reach of medieval Europeans, to the north coast of Sumatra and the southern coast of China. He may also have reached Lhasa, in Tibet, on his return.</span></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Mandeville travelogue borrows directly from Odoric, but often sensationalizes Odoric’s accounts. </span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">One gem among Mandeville’s wild tales turned out to predict what would take place two centuries later:</span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And therefore hath it befallen many times of one thing that I have heard counted when I was young, how a worthy man departed some-time from our countries for to go search the world. And so he passed India and the isles beyond India, where be more than 5000 isles. </span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And so long he went by sea and land, and so environed the world by many seasons, that he found an isle where he heard speak his own language, calling on oxen in the plough, such words as men speak to beasts in his own country whereof he had great marvel, for he knew not how it might be. </span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But I say, that he had gone so long by land and by sea, that he had environed all the earth …</span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Two hundred years after Mandeville wrote this, it happened. <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Magellan in his early years traveled eastward to Asia</a>, around the Cape of Good Hope. He was with the Portuguese fleet that sacked Malacca, a regional trade hub for merchants from China, Persia, Arabia, and India.</span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While in Malacca, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Magellan acquired</a> a “captured” slave who was christened Enrique, and in 1512-13, the two sailed to westward to Portugal, beginning </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; white-space-collapse: preserve;">what would become the first circling of the globe.</span></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Enrique traveled with Magellan first back to Lisbon and later Seville, where with backing from the Spain's King Charles, Magellan prepared the expedition he became known. His fleet departed from </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in September 1519 and spent the following year enduring harsh weather, hardship, and mutiny. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">On October 21, 1521, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/MagellanBeatsMutiniesSabotageStarvationtoCrossPacific.html" target="_blank">Magellan's expedition found the entrance</a> to the strait and on November 28 became the first Europeans to sail into the Pacific Ocean. By that time, one ship had been wrecked in a storm and another had deserted, sailing directly back to Spain.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Tragically</span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">, Magellan underestimated the earth's size, and believing Asia lay just days away, he set out without stopping for provisions. The fleet spent more than three months crossing the Pacific. More than twenty men died from starvation and scurvy and many more lay gravely ill.
</span></span></span></p><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On March 28, the fleet reached Limasawa Island (modern-day Philippines), where </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;">they were greeted by eight men in a canoe, and probably very much to everyone’s delight, Enrique was able to converse with them.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Enrique was Magellan's slave, but he was listed on the fleet's roster as an interpreter—with a high salary—</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">and by reports had become fluent in Portuguese and Spanish. At Limasawa, for the first time Enrique's job title proved accurate.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pWeJ6GD7lmAgqwmf6PKwNMxC1NCtZPIDrM7G0hwuySDFxaIc92VU2K3SFyjyr09p4M9nhPzNU-Of52oMg4-vBSp6IG6ts0w_mdEt6FuJsIoHHwx5ht5fx4WbHaKrlSonmYs55DM2nmU39zwb1jSKWKLkR1McwqfHV8uafsKwxmfbRDasUnrtgphUdhmS/s1282/Rabeiro_Enrique_Map_d_redbubble_001_web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Route of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation, Malacca to Cebu, 1512-1522." border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1282" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pWeJ6GD7lmAgqwmf6PKwNMxC1NCtZPIDrM7G0hwuySDFxaIc92VU2K3SFyjyr09p4M9nhPzNU-Of52oMg4-vBSp6IG6ts0w_mdEt6FuJsIoHHwx5ht5fx4WbHaKrlSonmYs55DM2nmU39zwb1jSKWKLkR1McwqfHV8uafsKwxmfbRDasUnrtgphUdhmS/w640-h281/Rabeiro_Enrique_Map_d_redbubble_001_web.jpg" title="Route of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation, Malacca to Cebu, 1512-1522." width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: small;">Route of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation, Malacca to Cebu, 1512-1522.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Enrique had gone in the opposite direction of Mandeville’s traveler, but he had traveled in one direction so far that he circled the earth and came to "</span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">an isle where he heard speak his own language." </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Enrique of Malacca had completed at minimum a </span><a href="https://enriqueofmalacca.targetsinenglish.com/2021/03/enrique-of-malacca-completes-first.html" style="white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">linguistic circumnavigation</a><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><hr /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i><b>Extra: </b>Interesting blog post on <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/10/flemish-inspiration-and-travels-of-sir.html" target="_blank">Flemish inspiration</a> in The Travels of Sir Mandeville.</i></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;">Images:</span></u></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;"><b>Top: </b>(left) Sir John Mandeville, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons; (right) British Library, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Middle: </b>Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Bottom:</b> </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Route of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation, Malacca to Cebu, 1512-1522. Map by John Sailors, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro" target="_blank">Diogo Ribeiro</a>'s 1528 Vatican Planisphere. (<a href="https://johnsailors.medium.com/diogo-ribeiro-portrait-of-a-renaissance-cartographer-a6964eff290d" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><hr style="white-space: normal;" /><div style="text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><br /><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by John Sailors. All rights reserved.</span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>See Also:</b></span></span></div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/enrique-of-malacca-completes-first.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Enrique of Malacca Completes First Circumnavigation—by Language</span></a></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiioYAOf92CvFLZqx-5SGISDs5EWUcK0meMOLoR1Nyh-TjLZfQvapGHx4kPJEUQZUg3wwOZ0w_Lg1LCuvVlmnrhJdhUyImqkfm2qaOTm8601t90UIPdBP3Ju44rFufObHQW80uSEshxW6iCjHu39uHWcxhIj-RzUm5qeO2_umpB2W8F-D8EGiQ3oE4FiQ=s7308" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5709" data-original-width="7308" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiioYAOf92CvFLZqx-5SGISDs5EWUcK0meMOLoR1Nyh-TjLZfQvapGHx4kPJEUQZUg3wwOZ0w_Lg1LCuvVlmnrhJdhUyImqkfm2qaOTm8601t90UIPdBP3Ju44rFufObHQW80uSEshxW6iCjHu39uHWcxhIj-RzUm5qeO2_umpB2W8F-D8EGiQ3oE4FiQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">On March 28, 1521, Enrique of Malacca became the first person to complete a </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">linguistic </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">circumnavigation of the globe—he traveled so far in one direction that he reached a point where his language was spoken. <span></span></span><span style="text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enrique’s journey began a decade earlier following the sack of Malacca, when he <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">became a slave of Ferdinand Magellan</a>. A teenager, he accompanied Magellan back to Portugal, then to Spain, and finally on the Armada de Molucca to locate a westward route to the Spice Islands. <b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/enrique-of-malacca-completes-first.html" target="_blank">Read more:</a></b></span></span></div><div><br /></div></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/10/journey-of-joaozito-lopes-carvalho.html" target="_blank">Journey of Joãozito Lopes Carvalho, Part I: First S. American Native to Cross Pacific</a></span></h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhw42_wVtm-vup_031bGOnOqRAmZv1FMfieHbKqd3QGaliF-Cpuy_inOiRI5Z9Q7Fh5BE07Le1QbFo8n_wzvritLMspnHmfml1baKp48MTQ3a4dLIxK3NwiuRg5tljatvFovuvbASM2Qiy1HladYgfZDJChxEU6wqB3J5zDxIyYLRinExVgUM33xpSX4w=s1478" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1478" data-original-width="1478" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhw42_wVtm-vup_031bGOnOqRAmZv1FMfieHbKqd3QGaliF-Cpuy_inOiRI5Z9Q7Fh5BE07Le1QbFo8n_wzvritLMspnHmfml1baKp48MTQ3a4dLIxK3NwiuRg5tljatvFovuvbASM2Qiy1HladYgfZDJChxEU6wqB3J5zDxIyYLRinExVgUM33xpSX4w=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Magellan’s historic journey</a> swept up several unlikely travelers along the way, among them a seven-year-old boy at Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro). Half-Portuguese, half-Tupi Indian, he is remembered in history as Joãozito Lopes Carvalho. The young boy became the first native of Brazil and likely all of South America to cross the Pacific Ocean—on a year-and-a-half journey that for him ended at Brunei five hundred years ago this summer. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">Joãozito was the son of João de Lopes Carvalho and a Tupi Indian woman in what is now Brazil. A Portuguese pilot, João Carvalho had traveled to Guanabara Bay in 1512 on the </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Bertoa, </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">a commercial vessel sent to pick up dyewood there. A decade earlier a Portuguese fleet had landed at Guanabara Bay and claimed the area for Portugal, naming it Rio de Janeiro for the month they arrived, January 1502. <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/10/journey-of-joaozito-lopes-carvalho.html"><b>Read more</b></a>.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/04/antonio-pigafetta-describes-coconut-and.html" target="_blank">Antonio Pigafetta Describes the Coconut and Its Importance</a></span></h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_ZjkUDH_igo7qoq-HcMy0bvG70auz2FgaLcGLKfSpoeSuz0SxACc05A4UQqRT49S9SRih38JJZWj2p20ZHbet7TIdk6qLjhiRfzV8-OCsLcnZgmWk37YhOJJHSfJB1tqGpkoUVcoL38-onfRyzXfHE2OpCCcmZ2rMzZucd5sujVnpJfFEuxtYEPrxAQ=s1024" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1024" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_ZjkUDH_igo7qoq-HcMy0bvG70auz2FgaLcGLKfSpoeSuz0SxACc05A4UQqRT49S9SRih38JJZWj2p20ZHbet7TIdk6qLjhiRfzV8-OCsLcnZgmWk37YhOJJHSfJB1tqGpkoUVcoL38-onfRyzXfHE2OpCCcmZ2rMzZucd5sujVnpJfFEuxtYEPrxAQ=s320" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Antonio Pigafetta's account of the Magellan-Elcano voyage gives us both first-hand historical detail and color—the human aspects of the journey. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The Italian scholar learned all he could about the cultures that Magellan's fleet encountered, even sitting down and recording samples of languages.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="more" style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: start;"></a></span><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: start;"></p><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">An excellent example of Pigafetta's curiosity and fascination is his description of the coconut and the palm tree, which he learned about soon after the fleet's arrival in the Philippines. Like the pineapple <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Magellan</a> tried in Rio, the coconut was an unknown. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">"Cocoanuts are the fruit of the palmtree. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Just as we have bread, wine, oil, and milk, so those people get everything from that tree. <b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/04/antonio-pigafetta-describes-coconut-and.html">Read more</a></b>.</span></span></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><div style="text-align: center;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #660000; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/04/john-mandevilles-travelogue-predicts.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John Mandeville's Travelogue Predicts the Magellan-Enrique Circumnavigation</span></a></h3></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQK8DQOsrbXdYiFySqDI_SdUnbUN2ZBhWhEw-TPFyMHx2nbbqzk_lBphQXFF59IwsrJ4A6uMt_r0bDQ5zox23u5DH1VZdhQrdyVrRL6xPg4v2hNXld_Ba1ChCPmnIbGAznNE1YpVDl1cLSdHve53LKxVgk1GdlJNB80WBDKOL2PweU2Qula4xNQVflew=s2367" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1644" data-original-width="2367" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQK8DQOsrbXdYiFySqDI_SdUnbUN2ZBhWhEw-TPFyMHx2nbbqzk_lBphQXFF59IwsrJ4A6uMt_r0bDQ5zox23u5DH1VZdhQrdyVrRL6xPg4v2hNXld_Ba1ChCPmnIbGAznNE1YpVDl1cLSdHve53LKxVgk1GdlJNB80WBDKOL2PweU2Qula4xNQVflew=s320" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A handful of medieval travelogues were the closest thing <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Magellan</a> had to a travel guide when he sought a westward route to Asia—accounts credited to Marco Polo, John Mandeville, and others, and those all echoed the same monsters and myths repeated since the time of Pliny the Elder, the Roman author whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Naturalis Historiae</span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> helped inspire the encyclopedia.</span></span><p></p><p style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It gets little mention today, but </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Travels of Sir John Mandeville </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">was a world atlas of sorts in medieval Europe, essential reading for navigators and explorers. The accounts became circulated widely in Europe in the fourteenth century. They detail travels in North Africa and the Middle East, and in India, China, and even the Malay Peninsula—which would have been of particular interest to Ferdinand Magellan, and also <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/enrique-of-malacca-completes-first.html" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca</a>, Magellan’s interpreter-slave. <b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/04/john-mandevilles-travelogue-predicts.html" target="_blank">Read more</a></b>.</span></span></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div><br /></div><div><b style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-tEGu4sR0c&t=1s" target="_blank">Enrique's Story Makes Children's Books</a></b></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r-tEGu4sR0c" width="320" youtube-src-id="r-tEGu4sR0c"></iframe></div><br />Reni Roxas and Marc Singer brought the story of Enrique to life for children in </span><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: start;">First Around the Globe: The Story of Enrique. </i><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: start;">Twenty years on they released this anniversary edition in 2017 from Tahanan Books, Manila. <b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-tEGu4sR0c&t=1s">Read more</a></b>.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/magellan-reaches-philippines-stops-at.html" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: start;" target="_blank"><b>Magellan Reaches the Philippines, Stops at Homonhon Island</b></a></div><div><p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBz5MNOx8k67Wc5Whlbz_FG7QXJ66t2KY3NdWx5NWAn2ewGRUgxKq_2mx9mCz6ht-YPebwP1xav2m0OqO1mhfNsmRbojH5cUC7AV1Rf8ZKEP5GEOBuV1ZdBPTHho7YiiroZiNWfNPFEYo39OaRA7U0UGN9hcQ7Q65ZgvJXLEhqbnsB9Hcp35PmsNtgGQ=s2070" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1276" data-original-width="2070" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBz5MNOx8k67Wc5Whlbz_FG7QXJ66t2KY3NdWx5NWAn2ewGRUgxKq_2mx9mCz6ht-YPebwP1xav2m0OqO1mhfNsmRbojH5cUC7AV1Rf8ZKEP5GEOBuV1ZdBPTHho7YiiroZiNWfNPFEYo39OaRA7U0UGN9hcQ7Q65ZgvJXLEhqbnsB9Hcp35PmsNtgGQ=s320" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On March 16, 1521, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank">Magellan</a> and his crew reached the Philippines, where they would finally be able to recover after three months crossing the Pacific. </span></span><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They were unable to stop long at Guam—their encounter with the Chamorros they met there did not go well, as seen in their sendoff. As they were departing, more than a hundred of the Chamorros’ outrigger canoes followed for more than a league.</span></span><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-694ae519-7fff-0be0-082d-b95b10381083" style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="more"></a></span><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As Pigafetta wrote, “They approached the ships showing us fish, feigning that they would give them to us; but then threw stones at us and fled. And although the ships were under full sail, they passed between them and the small boats [longboats fastened astern], very adroitly in those small boats of theirs. We saw some women in their boats who were crying out and tearing their hair, for love, I believe, of those whom we had killed.” </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/03/magellan-reaches-philippines-stops-at.html" style="font-size: large;" target="_blank"><b>Read more</b></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Find us:</b></span></div><div style="color: black;"><ul><li><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://EnriqueOfMalacca.com">EnriqueOfMalacca.com</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://twitter.com/CircumNavgating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Twitter</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Circumnavigating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Facebook</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://medium.com/@johnsailors" target="_blank">John Sailors / Enrique on Medium</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;">And, yes, Enrique might be 500 years old, but he was known as a kid, so of course he's now on </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/enriqueofmalacca/" style="white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Instagram</a><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"> too.</span></li></ul></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-align: center;">(C) 2022 by Enrique's Voyage, EnriqueOfMalacca.com. All rights reserved.</span></div></div></div></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-50065200520197045842023-12-04T16:55:00.000-08:002023-12-04T16:55:22.379-08:00Borobudur Ships Offer Glimpse of Srivijayan Trade<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6_vnRsrxvsdP8AkmhdvGUsthqMt8R2PSKHDz9wOxSaxMuL-fdUVh7vANCSNcQx97Jwb3-FVzUlG5R6intOEVv8uVEC-0IqNxmGmtIQQ1krHjcAQETl8BWAoL8YcIUCG0L9-gLKQq8g310F1QkCyJBQyUY8J5jdn5qHbdrlIE4sDLtTwCIN8WqAb0rmg/s1183/Borobudur_ship.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1183" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6_vnRsrxvsdP8AkmhdvGUsthqMt8R2PSKHDz9wOxSaxMuL-fdUVh7vANCSNcQx97Jwb3-FVzUlG5R6intOEVv8uVEC-0IqNxmGmtIQQ1krHjcAQETl8BWAoL8YcIUCG0L9-gLKQq8g310F1QkCyJBQyUY8J5jdn5qHbdrlIE4sDLtTwCIN8WqAb0rmg/w434-h300/Borobudur_ship.jpg" width="434" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Image of a ship on Borobudur bas-relief. <a href="https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F30%2FBorobudur_ship.JPG&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBorobudur_ship&tbnid=fld3A_KrAx754M&vet=12ahUKEwiulO7jxIf9AhXsAkQIHY17DkIQMygAegUIARDMAQ..i&docid=UmV66FqBwGSzaM&w=1183&h=816&q=borobudur%20ships&ved=2ahUKEwiulO7jxIf9AhXsAkQIHY17DkIQMygAegUIARDMAQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Source</span></a>.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i>Updated from 3/27/22.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">Bas-relief carvings at the </span><a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Borobudur</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> temple on Java give us a brief look into the lives of eighth-century Javanese, including the ships used in regional trade in the period.</span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur_ship" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Borobudur ships</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> are eighth-century double outriggers depicted in bas-relief carvings at the Borobudur Buddhist temple in central Java. These are the vessels that carried the flourishing trade around Southeast Asia during the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Srivijayan</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> thalassocracy, or maritime empire, that ruled from Java between the seventh and thirteenth centuries.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">First, the temple: To understand the meaning of the reliefs, it’s essential to understand the importance of Borobudur. The temple was built around 780 by the Shailendra (from Sanskrit, meaning “King of the Mountain”), a dynasty that ruled central Java beginning in the eighth century. This was the region that produced the rice and other foodstuffs that fed the merchants and trade hubs of the <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/05/video-find-general-introduction-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Srivijayan empire</span></a>.</div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Borobudur is the largest Buddhist monument ever built and the largest monument of any sort in the Southern Hemisphere. This unique holy mountain was designed to serve the living, to illustrate the path from greed and desire to enlightenment. And while the religion was an import from India, the temple is clearly a Javanese monument built for the Javanese people, with numerous features added by the Shailendra—for instance, its being a holy mountain, in maritime Southeast Asia, where mountains were seen as centers of power and spiritual forces.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Borobudur is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCsexp1VKgG6zCHMUUi8BLxD5XOd8xcRGle1b10UnAlSN7SDQIZyi6QA6zmjQCnTevBKcY5H2hgbtRfLnCaGPH_P4-570WHZqLQzrxHK7rXhpK8u8fcPt9kAg2ukkyfehrjwjUe-7g4TOFocdToNdx730xgsrmJNrE8g0W5Sc3M2GnIULvN__w49C7Aw/s800/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCsexp1VKgG6zCHMUUi8BLxD5XOd8xcRGle1b10UnAlSN7SDQIZyi6QA6zmjQCnTevBKcY5H2hgbtRfLnCaGPH_P4-570WHZqLQzrxHK7rXhpK8u8fcPt9kAg2ukkyfehrjwjUe-7g4TOFocdToNdx730xgsrmJNrE8g0W5Sc3M2GnIULvN__w49C7Aw/w461-h320/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg" width="461" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919). <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11032201" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Source</span></a>.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Carvings at </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Borobudur </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">offer glimpses on life on Java at the time, from palace life to people in villages, to, importantly, the Borobudur ships.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">In 1982, a British sailor named Philip Beale led a team of Indonesian shipbuilders to reconstruct a replica Borobudur ship and </span><a href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/237368" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">sail it from Jakarta to Madagascar</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> and then around the Cape of Good Hope. Also supervising the work was Nick Burningham, an expert on Indonesian watercraft. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">(Beale later </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erfMbuP-20A" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">built a replica Phoenician galley</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">, which he sailed round Africa, and then from Morocco to the Caribbean.)</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">They named the </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Borobudur ship </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i>Samudra Raksa</i> (Defender of the Seas). The expedition took place over six months between August 2003 and February 2004, retracing the historical cinnamon shipping route.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">Today the </span><i style="color: #660000;">Samudra Raksa</i><span style="color: #660000;"> is on display at the </span><a href="https://borobudurpark.com/en/activity/samudra-raksa-ship-museum/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Samudra Raksa Museum</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">, just north of the Borobudur Temple.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1qI9BTYzkn1-sARtsSUkNYNNlHWsTHglZ6lSCqZJvHs50V9CDj5xhrWFUI_Z5c3z1GNFFCup24_Ctiz91vO2JPUE7JwoQSwFQNCEjlXNhcsjC8fhJQPhT6YfrxQ33bDrs-Z5ySyY3bmOQloDp4P7L9QGPbuqB98c4RlxqCTDnbO_WnZwUOxsGheENQ/w464-h348/1280px-Samudra_Raksa_Borobudur_Ship.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="464" /> </td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">Replica at </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13714829" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Samudra Raksa</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> Museum. </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13714829" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1qI9BTYzkn1-sARtsSUkNYNNlHWsTHglZ6lSCqZJvHs50V9CDj5xhrWFUI_Z5c3z1GNFFCup24_Ctiz91vO2JPUE7JwoQSwFQNCEjlXNhcsjC8fhJQPhT6YfrxQ33bDrs-Z5ySyY3bmOQloDp4P7L9QGPbuqB98c4RlxqCTDnbO_WnZwUOxsGheENQ/s1280/1280px-Samudra_Raksa_Borobudur_Ship.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Single and double outrigger canoes were likely the vessels that seafaring Austronesians used in the earliest ocean crossings, ranging from Southeast Asia to Madagascar to the west, and to Hawaii and Easter Island to the east.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXebHEleL8yP5FEkXhhmSZK4BLDNvEymAXEQV4L4F-jHAFV24PrX2u5GW8kwAD5HGgvzAbKQ6SA-PjcoMA9S-iMzx5hlzRXPEdHxvzL-DTdCDfNM_FX16O-W8uRgBL0lccLAf8_UuWxpA4RmcZzRBVwO-qw4xRrZsqWE-uLEypmxEHUhvijIiCDEvDcQ/s1000/Indonesian_Borobudur_ship_RWS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXebHEleL8yP5FEkXhhmSZK4BLDNvEymAXEQV4L4F-jHAFV24PrX2u5GW8kwAD5HGgvzAbKQ6SA-PjcoMA9S-iMzx5hlzRXPEdHxvzL-DTdCDfNM_FX16O-W8uRgBL0lccLAf8_UuWxpA4RmcZzRBVwO-qw4xRrZsqWE-uLEypmxEHUhvijIiCDEvDcQ/w435-h245/Indonesian_Borobudur_ship_RWS.jpg" width="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">A </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154728" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">replica Borobudur ship</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">, Resorts World Sentosa, Singapore. </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154728" style="color: #660000;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In later centuries Malayan sailors developed new sailing technologies and learned to master trade winds. The </span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Borobudur reliefs give us a picture of ships of the Srivijayan period.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Below are plate renderings of five outriggers from the Borobudur bas-reliefs, from</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> Conradus Leemans' Boro-Boedoer (1873). Note that historical paintings and drawings of ships often show difficulty in scaling human passengers to ships' sizes, a problem seen in works from Europe to China. (To this day it's not uncommon to see ships sailing through vast seas, sails <i>filled </i>with wind—but not a single person is aboard!) </span></span></span><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The eighth-century </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">Shailendra did a remarkable job. </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70260900" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpn1wHrH3SL1p7i0SNEcadUufXo9PpKHqvEtrbi9v1fgXIuJSOiFb-sY6dXxVUFYI-vhDigjhL6GqImfBA4FDnrOZIds0VjkUThZNGUFkiOv6vCCtV-BcnX73xu6MQdVcxOuvrEELUYpvvJ7Mz9G8VzZI4rLgkqvxspsh6VZjTSos41CU6xRqMXHuSCQ/s784/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ccli,_41).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="784" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpn1wHrH3SL1p7i0SNEcadUufXo9PpKHqvEtrbi9v1fgXIuJSOiFb-sY6dXxVUFYI-vhDigjhL6GqImfBA4FDnrOZIds0VjkUThZNGUFkiOv6vCCtV-BcnX73xu6MQdVcxOuvrEELUYpvvJ7Mz9G8VzZI4rLgkqvxspsh6VZjTSos41CU6xRqMXHuSCQ/w400-h334/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ccli,_41).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiLXBnxAy26Xz9FwMkBM65sKdQaSYnB9rr2VqEUmfZwQ9ktXhUNB1C95GD5jTGLVXQAIxMuw9hEp7pmUGDWpy_1WGMsegiW1d3uAepNPW0C1VP0TEK1hhiBRZ04ohfGIQPTFzyhvtT1XAAn_TDIFTiKdnhhWrqdXTltx8OBRaTXLkwWcXzQkBaK5ZLQ/s867/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ci,_172).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="867" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiLXBnxAy26Xz9FwMkBM65sKdQaSYnB9rr2VqEUmfZwQ9ktXhUNB1C95GD5jTGLVXQAIxMuw9hEp7pmUGDWpy_1WGMsegiW1d3uAepNPW0C1VP0TEK1hhiBRZ04ohfGIQPTFzyhvtT1XAAn_TDIFTiKdnhhWrqdXTltx8OBRaTXLkwWcXzQkBaK5ZLQ/w400-h279/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ci,_172).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzsNB0-N-NBzn2KLz-Qojd_ISN2qwIFZRsHUsgnDpbx83JB7rQ_vkgN-4M3YahNJKCn5rVlcnV2ihlCRmP6xpxVrcbAGg5bDxB91NytZJrZnqpEq-_N_KuSEOx_0KcVZBppk3izSESB9FFq4DvHgbkl3UqFcylINQO-ZC2IqMwnSUztB5U8vWxE5YWw/s887/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ciii,_176).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="887" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzsNB0-N-NBzn2KLz-Qojd_ISN2qwIFZRsHUsgnDpbx83JB7rQ_vkgN-4M3YahNJKCn5rVlcnV2ihlCRmP6xpxVrcbAGg5bDxB91NytZJrZnqpEq-_N_KuSEOx_0KcVZBppk3izSESB9FFq4DvHgbkl3UqFcylINQO-ZC2IqMwnSUztB5U8vWxE5YWw/w400-h280/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._ciii,_176).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiVD0COgRhfWt7loeGB0FoltoqXWJCBbl3QPm2VIa_IN08F-w3CFMR53jJdQ_YdY9HoA0SFG7ldrVJ6w7TCriplrdEpqTJ84Aq9A71Zjud1aJPhAAP8tdH1cy1o_fRSfJBCxCDhkJKOiNAW1Rs-xOu-485Gtv4GdgZx8mxz_RxxChkmG60Z2p3ASPOiw/s867/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._cxxiii,_216).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="867" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiVD0COgRhfWt7loeGB0FoltoqXWJCBbl3QPm2VIa_IN08F-w3CFMR53jJdQ_YdY9HoA0SFG7ldrVJ6w7TCriplrdEpqTJ84Aq9A71Zjud1aJPhAAP8tdH1cy1o_fRSfJBCxCDhkJKOiNAW1Rs-xOu-485Gtv4GdgZx8mxz_RxxChkmG60Z2p3ASPOiw/w400-h276/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._cxxiii,_216).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQpl4jEsw7_56WP2jfxCiyDEqXQgIoxYuPMhXK0jc3uOkCAaj-r0tUYpLe7jYBTuJK4Qt0BDgi6NTakBWby5ym5buOUcsogGnZM9SPQSCRgjmj-8pSpvLlP32Rh_ZaASF51q6SQSkTRFj55PYOpDoShSdg0-ip7gBxifr2Lyq4b96Utnip-Vp4BVv6Og/s822/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._lxviii,_106).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="822" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQpl4jEsw7_56WP2jfxCiyDEqXQgIoxYuPMhXK0jc3uOkCAaj-r0tUYpLe7jYBTuJK4Qt0BDgi6NTakBWby5ym5buOUcsogGnZM9SPQSCRgjmj-8pSpvLlP32Rh_ZaASF51q6SQSkTRFj55PYOpDoShSdg0-ip7gBxifr2Lyq4b96Utnip-Vp4BVv6Og/w400-h254/Borobudur_Ship_(Leemans,_pl._lxviii,_106).png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">By </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">John Sailors</span></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Enrique's Voyage</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b><u>Images:</u></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span>• </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Borobudur ship, stone relief carved at the Borobudur Temple: By Michael J. Lowe, CC BY-SA 2.5, </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2097218" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #660000; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2097218</span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;">• </span></span><span style="background-color: white;">Painting by G.B. Hooijer: </span><span>By Tropenmuseum, part of the National Museum of World Cultures, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11032201</span></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;">• </span></span><i style="text-align: justify;">Samudra Raksa</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> at the </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Samudra Raksa</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> Museum: </span><span>By Gunawan Kartapranata - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13714829.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Singapore replica: </span><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">By RWS - https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154728 …</span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-ff7b12ac-7fff-f344-2fe2-c7dd4c042eca"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span>• </span>Plate renderings: By Haddon, A.C. - Haddon, A.C. (1920). The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes. London, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70260900</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p></span></div><div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(C) 2023 by John Sailors. All rights reserved.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: left;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><br /></div></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div><div><div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>See Also:</b></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="color: #660000; text-align: left;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763; font-size: medium;">Enrique of Malacca Completes First Circumnavigation—by Language</span></a></b></h3><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #660000; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiioYAOf92CvFLZqx-5SGISDs5EWUcK0meMOLoR1Nyh-TjLZfQvapGHx4kPJEUQZUg3wwOZ0w_Lg1LCuvVlmnrhJdhUyImqkfm2qaOTm8601t90UIPdBP3Ju44rFufObHQW80uSEshxW6iCjHu39uHWcxhIj-RzUm5qeO2_umpB2W8F-D8EGiQ3oE4FiQ=s7308" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5709" data-original-width="7308" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiioYAOf92CvFLZqx-5SGISDs5EWUcK0meMOLoR1Nyh-TjLZfQvapGHx4kPJEUQZUg3wwOZ0w_Lg1LCuvVlmnrhJdhUyImqkfm2qaOTm8601t90UIPdBP3Ju44rFufObHQW80uSEshxW6iCjHu39uHWcxhIj-RzUm5qeO2_umpB2W8F-D8EGiQ3oE4FiQ=w200-h156" width="200" /></a></div><div style="color: #660000; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span><span style="color: #660000;">On March 28, 1521, </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> became the first person to complete a </span></span></span><span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">linguistic </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">circumnavigation of the globe—he traveled so far in one direction that he reached a point where his language was spoken. <span></span></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;">Enrique’s journey began a decade earlier following the sack of Malacca, when he became </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">a slave of Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">. A teenager, he accompanied Magellan back to Portugal, then to Spain, and finally on the Armada de Molucca to locate a westward route to the Spice Islands. </span><b><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Read more.</span></a></b></span></span></div></span></div></span></div><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="color: #073763; font-size: medium;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/05/video-find-general-introduction-of.html" target="_blank">Video Find: Introduction to the Srivijaya Empire</a></h3></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;">A fast-spoken, detailed account of the </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/05/video-find-general-introduction-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Srivijaya Empire</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">, a maritime-based empire that grew on Southeast Asian trade from the seventh to the twelfth centuries. This was a civilization built on Malay seafaring, connecting Southeast Asia with China to the northeast and the Indian Ocean to the northwest. </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/05/video-find-general-introduction-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Read more</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">(C) 2022 by Enrique's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: left;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><br /></div></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-46313450928348981322023-12-02T00:49:00.000-08:002023-12-02T21:57:48.441-08:00Documentary Captures Ferdinand Magellan's Shipboard Experience<p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="387" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I_LyY8UPIM4" width="465" youtube-src-id="I_LyY8UPIM4"></iframe></p><p><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This short documentary shows extensive video footage aboard a modern-day replica of <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/06/Magellans-Victoria-First-Ship-to-Circumnavigate%20the%20Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">the </span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/06/Magellans-Victoria-First-Ship-to-Circumnavigate%20the%20Globe.html" target="_blank">Victoria</a></i>, the one ship from </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">'s five-ship fleet of carracks that completed the first circumnavigation of the globe.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><p></p><p style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">While configurations of the five ships are unknown, the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">has been the most studied, and life-size replicas have been built (see the above video of a replica </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><i>Victoria </i></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">at sea). Listed at 85 tons, the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">was the second-smallest of the Armada de Molucca, but also the second-most-expensive, costing more than Magellan’s flagship, the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Trinidad.</span></span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div dir="ltr" style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; text-align: justify; width: 468pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Ship</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Tonnage</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Maravedis</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Crew</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">San Antonio</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">120</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">330,000</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">55</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Trinidad (flagship)</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">110</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">270,000</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">62</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Concepción</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> 90</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">228,000</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">45</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Victoria</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> 85</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">300,000</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">46</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Santiago</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> 75</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">187,500</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.08; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">33</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: medium;"><a name="more"></a></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin: 0pt 0px; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Crew</span></span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Victoria </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">started off with a crew of 45. Its captain, Luis Mendoza, and 27 others were from Castile. Beyond that it was an international group with seven </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">crew members from Portugal, three each from Genoa and Naples, one each from Sicily and Venice, two from Navarre in northern Spain, three from France, and one each from Germany, Austria, and Rhodes. The large number of non-Castilians turned out to be an important factor during the Easter mutiny in 1520.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In addition to the ship’s officers and seamen were a carpenter, a caulker, a cooper, two blacksmiths, and three gunners. The carpenter, Martin de Garate, drowned off the Patagonian shore in August 1520 while crossing the Santa Cruz estuary to assess whether the just-shipwrecked </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Santiago </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">could be rebuilt.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000;">This video's footage shows how uncomfortable the voyage </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">was: Imagine 45 or more men competing for space to eat, sleep, and do all the other things humans do … with cargo, armaments, and provisions including livestock (at one point crammed with penguins)—all against the pitching and rolling of the sea. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For beds they had at best straw mats and during storms little or no dry space to lay them out. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">The handful of crew who returned to Spain aboard the <i>Victoria</i> had spent three years living in these conditions, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">aboard the <i>Victoria </i>or other ships in Magellan's five-carrack armada. Note there are four parts, covering the details of the Magellan-Elcano expedition.</span></span></p><!--more--><p></p><p><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/02/ferdinand-magellan-voyages-of-discovery.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank"><span>Part 1, Ferdinand Magellan Voyages of Discovery</span></a></p><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/02/ferdinand-magellan-voyages-of-discovery_13.html" target="_blank">Part 2, Ferdinand Magellan Voyages of Discovery</a></span></p><div><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/02/ferdinand-magellan-voyages-of-discovery_14.html" target="_blank">Part 3, Ferdinand Magellan Voyages of Discovery</a></span></p></div><div><p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2021/02/ferdinand-magellan-voyages-of-discovery_15.html" target="_blank">Part 4, Ferdinand Magellan Voyages of Discovery</a></span></p></div> <hr /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> (C) 2023, by EnriqueOfMalacca.com. All rights reserved.</span><br /></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-50217668543281757772023-11-23T21:54:00.000-08:002023-11-25T00:58:42.108-08:00Enrique in the News: Atlas Obscura<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Kate McMahon, a freelance journalist,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;"> wrote </span><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/first-person-circumnavigate-globe" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">this piece</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> on Enrique of Malacca for the <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Atlas Obscura</span></a> website. It's always exciting to see Enrique receive attention. His ten-year journey toured the very beginnings of colonialism from the first Portuguese foray into Southeast Asia in 1511 to Spain's 1521 arrival there from the other direction—Malacca to Cebu the long way.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/first-person-circumnavigate-globe" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did an Enslaved Man Beat Magellan to Circling the World?</span></a></b></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The unsung hero may have also been instrumental in defeating the colonizers.</span></i></h2><div><span class="section-start-text" face=""Platform Web", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #382c14; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.12em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span class="section-start-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.12em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">"</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A SPOTLIGHT ILLUMINATES A BRONZE</span> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;">statue in the center of a room at the </span><a href="https://www.artgallery.gov.my/en/homepage/" style="box-shadow: rgba(173, 143, 104, 0.6) 0px -2px 0px inset; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-decoration-line: none;">National Art Gallery in Malaysia</a><span style="font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;">. The figure depicted is squatting with ease, elbows on thighs, long hair draping his shoulders, and wearing clothes reminiscent of a pirate or early explorer. The plaque underneath the statue reads: 'In memory of Enrique of Malacca' …" <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/first-person-circumnavigate-globe" target="_blank"><b>Go to article</b></a>. </span></span></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-88661717385364367982023-11-22T14:38:00.000-08:002023-11-22T14:38:10.244-08:00Barbosa on Jeddah and Mecca<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13QVuDwykvjbfnufeqcnP61KDayVq4gZZk1EdpVTqjkqDg8eGPDKp9HJuBwiQ-twW_5iY1Jc4XJW54iGBksB700zrHQ82kmGNZQunbBflymHnNlno7G2QeNVaLxKsBrB73n0tIbGRdtfzNRmX3IV-eqVWBRNl_y2-ap1jPk549p_Hcy2f1pvLfNXHVfdo/s590/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="590" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13QVuDwykvjbfnufeqcnP61KDayVq4gZZk1EdpVTqjkqDg8eGPDKp9HJuBwiQ-twW_5iY1Jc4XJW54iGBksB700zrHQ82kmGNZQunbBflymHnNlno7G2QeNVaLxKsBrB73n0tIbGRdtfzNRmX3IV-eqVWBRNl_y2-ap1jPk549p_Hcy2f1pvLfNXHVfdo/w400-h296/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: left;">Portuguese </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; text-align: left;">attack in 1517. By Gaspar Correia</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; text-align: left;">.</span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">, 1515.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GUIDA PORT OF MECA.</span></div></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving the port of Eliobon to go out of the Red Sea, there is a town of the Moors, called Guida, and it is the port of Mecca, whither the ships used to come every year from India with spices and drugs, and they returned thence to Calicut with much copper, quicksilver, vermillion, saffron, rose-water, scarlet silks, camelots, tafetans and other goods, of stuffs used in India, and also with much gold and silver; and the trade was very great and profitable. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And from this port of Guida these spices and drugs were transported in small vessels to Suez, as has been already said.</span><p></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MECA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At one day's journey up the country from the port of Guida is the great city of Meca, in which there is a very large mosque, to which all the Moors from all parts go in pilgrimage, and they hold for certain that they are saved by washing with the water of a well which is in this mosque: and they carry it away from there in bottles to their countries as a great relic. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the aforesaid Guida port of Mecca a fortress has been lately built by Emir Hussein, the Moorish captain of the ships of the Sultan, which the Portuguese destroyed in India: this captain when he saw himself defeated, did not dare return to his country without performing some service to his king, and he decided on begging of the</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 930.417px; position: absolute; text-align: justify;"><a id="Page_24"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[24]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> King of Cambay (who is called Sultan Mahamud) assistance in money, and so also from the nobles and merchants of his kingdom and from other Moorish kings, in order to construct this fortress, saying: that since the Portuguese, (whom they call Franks) were so powerful, it would not be wonderful if they were to come into this port and were to go and destroy the house of Mahomet. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And these Moorish kings and people hearing his petition, and seeing the power of the King of Portugal, it seemed to them that this might come to pass, and thus all gave him great gifts, by means of which he loaded three ships with spices and other merchandise, and went with them to the Red Sea, and arrived at Guida, where he sold them, and with the money he made the said fortress, and during the time that he was building it, the Portuguese were making another inside the town of Calicut, and the King of Calicut begged the Captain Major of the King of Portugal to give him permission to send then a ship laden with spices to Mecca. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And this permission was given him, and the ship was sent. And there went in it as captain an honourable person of the Moors named Califa, and he arrived at Guida the port of Mecca, where he came on shore very well dressed out, along with his people, and he found Emir Hussein building his fortress, and was asked by him news of the Portuguese.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And this Califa answered him, telling him how they were in great peace at Calicut, and making a handsome fortress. And Emir Hussein asked him, how dare you come to Mecca being a friend of the Portuguese? </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Califa</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 930.417px; position: absolute; text-align: justify;"><a id="Page_25"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[25]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> answered him, I am a merchant and am unable to do anything, but you who are a captain of the great Sultan if you go to India to turn them out of it, how came you to leave them there, and to make a fortress here? </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">At which Emir Hussein was much put out, and ordered Califa immediately, and well dressed as he was, to take stones and mortar, he and his people, and help to build the fortress: and he made him work for the space of an hour. And Califa related this in Calicut later when he returned there.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-5948619301997914922023-11-17T21:13:00.000-08:002023-11-17T21:13:04.366-08:00Suez and Land Routes to Cairo, Alexandria<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj67bSoRzkfb6mjJpqfyeDBU5uLPC6B9JefLxb_87xtRpDnPLc9RFjH3pd-YXsTj5A1-IVzy1A9T38ebmXsemGES8GCDjfTHeoTbgtmhd6d-X6TV3-P9by0IZ7b8c_sdIIbWVxiFnVZqQlRMwU2wQ-STvoV3tnm5f8UxP68GEPhCTjkLnmqQTSADeZzqhCt/s1552/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Suez, 1541 drawing" border="0" data-original-height="1157" data-original-width="1552" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj67bSoRzkfb6mjJpqfyeDBU5uLPC6B9JefLxb_87xtRpDnPLc9RFjH3pd-YXsTj5A1-IVzy1A9T38ebmXsemGES8GCDjfTHeoTbgtmhd6d-X6TV3-P9by0IZ7b8c_sdIIbWVxiFnVZqQlRMwU2wQ-STvoV3tnm5f8UxP68GEPhCTjkLnmqQTSADeZzqhCt/w400-h299/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg" title="Suez, 1541 drawing" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Suez, 1541 drawing. (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro_-_Roteiro_do_Mar_Roxo_-_Suez.jpg" target="_blank">Source.</a>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">, 1515.</i></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SUEZ.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;">Leaving this country of Prester John and the coast of the sea of Arabia Felix, and turning to the other part of the Red Sea, which is also called Arabia, and the Moors call it Barra Arab, there is a village, a sea-port called </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Suez</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">, and thither the Moors of Guida, the port of Mecca, bring all the spices, drugs, precious stones, seed pearl, amber, musk, and other merchandise of great value from the parts about India; and from there they load them on camels to carry them by land to Cairo, and from Cairo other merchants carry them to Alexandria; and from there the Venetians and other Christians usually export them.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And this trade now, in a great measure, ceases on account of the Portuguese, whose fleets prohibit the navigation of the Moors from India to the Red Sea.</span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And the Great Sultan, lord of Cairo, who loses</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1167.17px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_22"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[22]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> most by this, ordered a fleet to be built in the port of Suez, for which he had the wood and artillery, and other equipments transported by land, in which much money was expended; and this fleet was of ships and galleys, in order to pass with it to India and there forbid the Portuguese from cruising. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And when this fleet was built many people of different nations went with it to the first India, which is the Kingdom of Cambay; and the Captain of it was Amir Uçen, and with this fleet they met that of Portugal in front of a city named Dyu, and there they fought vigorously, and many people were killed, and at last the Moors, Turks, and Mamelukes were conquered and all their fleet was taken and part of it burned, and on this account and several other victories which the Portuguese gained over the before-mentioned Moors, they lost their navigation in the Red Sea, and the said port of Suez remains without the trade in spices.</span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MOUNT SINAI.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Near the said city of Suez there is in the country of Arabia on the Red Sea, the mountain of Sinai, where lies the blessed Saint Catharine in a church, in which there are Christian friars, under the lordship of the Sultan, to which building the devout of all Christian countries come in pilgrimage, and the chief part of those that throng thither are from the country of Prester John and Armenia, Babilonia, Constantinople, and Jerusalem.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span class="pagenum" style="left: 930.417px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_23"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[23]</span></a></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ELIOBON AND MEDINA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Having passed Mount Sinai, which the Moors call Tur, along the coast of the Red Sea going out of it, there is a village of the Moors, a sea-port called Eliobon, and it is a port where they disembark for Medina, which is another town of the Moors, up the country at three days' journey from the port, and the body of Mahomed is buried in it.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-2849355471773727332023-11-15T19:32:00.000-08:002023-11-16T15:16:46.989-08:00Explorer Bios: João Vaz Corte-Real<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnj5lI3ZdYHwVrW_AYAXQhIAIbik_CliKvqINEgzgVUquq0-iKxbZq-qs-65Eu32WavBy7T3K-QsWnGhjw5cD24PDWZLZlSMPKOIfrggNUI26Q8zqjXV4yhYuSW1LixeRoSRZ4aFjwLkcQ3IAhPuTdS6BFVTotB_JT2iQz5XWCo17bypoLUiBvHxS-M-6T/s400/Gaspar_Corte-Real.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="João Vaz Corte-Real" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="300" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnj5lI3ZdYHwVrW_AYAXQhIAIbik_CliKvqINEgzgVUquq0-iKxbZq-qs-65Eu32WavBy7T3K-QsWnGhjw5cD24PDWZLZlSMPKOIfrggNUI26Q8zqjXV4yhYuSW1LixeRoSRZ4aFjwLkcQ3IAhPuTdS6BFVTotB_JT2iQz5XWCo17bypoLUiBvHxS-M-6T/w150-h200/Gaspar_Corte-Real.jpg" title="João Vaz Corte-Real" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000;">Corte-Real (</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaspar_Corte-Real.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">João Vaz Corte-Real</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;"> (c. 1420–1496). João Vaz Corte-Real was a Portuguese sailor who according to some accounts reached Greenland and possibly even Newfoundland two decades before Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas. Corte-Real's 1873 expedition was possibly a joint venture between the kings of Portugal and Denmark, possibly German-led, and may have included the German privateer </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didrik_Pining" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">Didrik </span><span style="color: #073763;">Pining</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> and the Portuguese </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Martins" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;" title=""><span style="color: #073763; font-family: arial;">Álvaro Martins</span></a>. <span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-wrap: wrap;">Danish involvement here is a reminder of Denmark's early colonial presence, which later extended to colonies across four continents.</span></span></p></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="color: #660000;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><i><span style="font-family: arial;">This is the latest short bio in a series for our Resources section.</span></i></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">By EnriqueOfMalacca.com.</span></div></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><hr /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="color: #660000;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Quick Explorer Bios</b></span></div><div style="color: #660000;"><ul><li><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/09/Explorer-Bios-Christopher-Columbus.html" target="_blank">Christopher Columbus</a></li><li><span style="color: #073763; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/09/Explorer-Bios-Ferdinand-Magellan.html" target="_blank">Ferdinand Magellan</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #073763; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/09/Explorer-Bios-Vasco-da-Gama.html" target="_blank">Vasco da Gama</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #073763; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://Explorer-Bios-Amerigo-Vespucci.html" target="_blank">Amerigo Vespucci</a></span></li></ul></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="color: #660000;"><i>More coming soon.</i></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><hr /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">(C) 2023, by </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">E</span></a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage<span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">. All rights reserved.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div></div></span></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000;"><i><b>See also:</b></i></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca Becomes First to Circumnavigate Glob</span><span style="color: black;">e</span></a></span></h3></div></div><div style="color: #660000; font-size: large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/s1200/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="color: #660000; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="1200" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/w589-h263/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" title="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" width="589" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 10.56px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation: Malacca, Lisbon, Seville,<br />Rio de Janeiro, Puerto San Juli<span style="text-align: left;">á</span>n, Guam, Limasawa, Cebu.[1]</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On March 28, 1521, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></a> became the first person to complete a <i>linguistic </i>circumnavigation of the globe—he traveled so far in one direction that he reached a point where his own language was spoken. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Enrique’s journey began a decade earlier following the</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">sack of Malacca</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">, when he was</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">taken as a slave by Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">. A teenager, he accompanied Magellan back to Portugal, then to Spain, and finally on the Armada de Molucca to locate a westward route to the Spice Islands. <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">More about Enrique of Malacca</span></a>.</span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Find us:</b></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><ul style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="http://EnriqueOfMalacca.com">EnriqueOfMalacca.com</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/CircumNavgating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Circumnavigating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Facebook</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://medium.com/@johnsailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Medium</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/JohnSailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank">John Sailors on Amazon</a>.</span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/enriqueofmalacca/" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;" target="_blank">Instagram</a><span style="color: #660000; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></span></span></li></ul></div></span></span></div></div><div> </div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">By John Sailors, EnriqueOfMalacca.com.</span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><hr /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">(C) 2023 by </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">E</span></a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage<span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">. All rights reserved.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/s1200/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="color: #660000; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="1200" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/w589-h263/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" title="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" width="589" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 10.56px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation: Malacca, Lisbon, Seville,<br />Rio de Janeiro, Puerto San Juli<span style="text-align: left;">á</span>n, Guam, Limasawa, Cebu.[1]</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On March 28, 1521, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></a> became the first person to complete a <i>linguistic </i>circumnavigation of the globe—he traveled so far in one direction that he reached a point where his own language was spoken. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Enrique’s journey began a decade earlier following the</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">sack of Malacca</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">, when he was</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">taken as a slave by Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">. A teenager, he accompanied Magellan back to Portugal, then to Spain, and finally on the Armada de Molucca to locate a westward route to the Spice Islands. <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">More about Enrique of Malacca</span></a>.</span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Find us:</b></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><ul style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="http://EnriqueOfMalacca.com">EnriqueOfMalacca.com</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/CircumNavgating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Circumnavigating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Facebook</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://medium.com/@johnsailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Medium</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/JohnSailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank">John Sailors on Amazon</a>.</span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/enriqueofmalacca/" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;" target="_blank">Instagram</a><span style="color: #660000; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></span></span></li></ul></div></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-64308742623158717562023-11-14T20:56:00.000-08:002023-11-16T15:22:09.450-08:00Explorer Bios: John Cabot<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nMnPIJNTUt6bW_JdxN6CFnOObs85z3g2PPybs9LzMpYYzR-x8ZtOe9uz1-MhrHnN89GmErKdEIJgMWuLZu3bPcBCQRsVXqwS1y5aFq6cmZEqD8SYSQ6XzGd-Jdhka3kzhiSm-r2dVNxUMVOKVL1P7SWx-kkC4-0MylkGwP4I7M7-7PkUolx5l3j5cBsY/s938/John_Cabot%20crop%202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="John Cabot" border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="925" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nMnPIJNTUt6bW_JdxN6CFnOObs85z3g2PPybs9LzMpYYzR-x8ZtOe9uz1-MhrHnN89GmErKdEIJgMWuLZu3bPcBCQRsVXqwS1y5aFq6cmZEqD8SYSQ6XzGd-Jdhka3kzhiSm-r2dVNxUMVOKVL1P7SWx-kkC4-0MylkGwP4I7M7-7PkUolx5l3j5cBsY/w154-h200/John_Cabot%20crop%202.png" title="John Cabot" width="154" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000;">Cabot (</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Cabot.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Source</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">).</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Cabot" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Cabot</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;"> (c. 1450–1499). Sailing under the English flag for </span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">King Henry VII</span></a><span><span style="color: #660000;">, the Italian navigator John Cabot is credited with “discovering” parts of North America, possibly reaching Newfoundland. News of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Christopher Columbus</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">'s crossing of the Atlantic and Portugal's reaching the Indian Ocean spurred the English monarch to action. Cabot’s 1497 voyage marked the earliest-known (confirmed) European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to "Vineland" led by </span></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leif-Erikson" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Leif Eriksson</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> in the eleventh century. Cabot's expeditions put England into the colonial race right at the start and </span></span></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-wrap: wrap;">helped lay the groundwork for the British claim to Canada—even though the exact landing site was (and still is) unknown. Just reaching a land first was enough in the European mindset </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;">to claim sovereignty, as was the case with </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="color: #660000;"> in the Visayan Islands (Philippines). Spain would soon boast of an empire over which the sun never set, but it was a claim the British would most known for.</span></span></span></p></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><hr /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">(C) 2023 by </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">E</span></a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage<span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">. All rights reserved.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/s1200/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="color: #660000; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="1200" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YGOS__IuhylR699OUqLM48-zpF_6RzhhPlLOTsWYjhWEQ5p-EI9hzJrgmva07KgeMrH9lsnOatUWKrlltMRpo48r8XsOK9j7ghFJuQVArMDdZCmP00Tl5n-7RLkVLM0_JiwVw2ZoWjWHSXZpGCIMRc-VqnmCAZD5TEG_Ewe3YSSma-Yu_kJEmt00gg/w589-h263/Enrique-Of-Malacca-Circumnavigation-1200.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" title="Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation" width="589" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 10.56px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Map of Enrique of Malacca's circumnavigation: Malacca, Lisbon, Seville,<br />Rio de Janeiro, Puerto San Juli<span style="text-align: left;">á</span>n, Guam, Limasawa, Cebu.[1]</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On March 28, 1521, <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">Enrique of Malacca</span></a> became the first person to complete a <i>linguistic </i>circumnavigation of the globe—he traveled so far in one direction that he reached a point where his own language was spoken. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Enrique’s journey began a decade earlier following the</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">sack of Malacca</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">, when he was</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2022/03/magellans-real-circumnavigation-enrique.html" style="color: #660000; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">taken as a slave by Ferdinand Magellan</span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">. A teenager, he accompanied Magellan back to Portugal, then to Spain, and finally on the Armada de Molucca to locate a westward route to the Spice Islands. <a href="http://www.enriqueofmalacca.com/2023/03/Enrique-of-Malacca-Becomes-First-to-Circumnavigate-Globe.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #660000;">More about Enrique of Malacca</span></a>.</span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><hr style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 13.2px;" /><p dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p></div><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Find us:</b></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><ul style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="http://EnriqueOfMalacca.com">EnriqueOfMalacca.com</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/CircumNavgating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Circumnavigating" target="_blank">Enrique of Malacca on Facebook</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://medium.com/@johnsailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Medium</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://twitter.com/JohnSailors" target="_blank">John Sailors on Twitter</a></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" target="_blank">John Sailors on Amazon</a>.</span></span></li><li><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/enriqueofmalacca/" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;" target="_blank">Instagram</a><span style="color: #660000; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></span></span></li></ul></div></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-80374460989276126982023-11-11T21:57:00.000-08:002023-11-12T19:59:12.219-08:00Barbosa's Travel Guide to the Kingdom of Prester John<br/><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2Izfec5V971m90t0P36jtIk1dL9nCxG5_4aHK7WIq8Pgag1P0vRX3H25vNyE0-S1UcADQFNVHgaO_AeFOZlY9lbW2n7crcDOlfmPo5HDnKMD7DJ_LflMuiKM7bHhXwfr1iu4EZ1u4N1CUPR3BcHbxdyMZ_Evvsh46mRvAQmGYU-m9XXc6d9pjGCriVNT/s1196/1196px-Prester_John_map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Map of Prester John's kingdom as Ethiopia, 1564." border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1196" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2Izfec5V971m90t0P36jtIk1dL9nCxG5_4aHK7WIq8Pgag1P0vRX3H25vNyE0-S1UcADQFNVHgaO_AeFOZlY9lbW2n7crcDOlfmPo5HDnKMD7DJ_LflMuiKM7bHhXwfr1iu4EZ1u4N1CUPR3BcHbxdyMZ_Evvsh46mRvAQmGYU-m9XXc6d9pjGCriVNT/w400-h343/1196px-Prester_John_map.jpg" title="Map of Prester John's kingdom as Ethiopia, 1564." width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; text-align: start;">Map of Prester John's kingdom as Ethiopia</span>, 1564." (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prester_John_map.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />KINGDOM OF PRESTER JOHN.</span></h3><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;">Ramusio)</i><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;">, 1515.</i></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leaving these towns of the Moors and entering into the interior of the country, the great kingdom of Prester John is to be found, whom the Moors of Arabia call Abexi [Habeshy]; this kingdom is very large, and peopled with many cities, towns, and villages, with many inhabitants: and it has many kings subject to it and tributary kings. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And in their country there are many who live in the fields and mountains, like Beduins: they are black men, very well made: they have many horses, and make use of them, and are good riders, and there are great sportsmen and hunters amongst them. </div></span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Their provisions are flesh of all kinds, milk, butter, and wheaten bread, and of these things there is a great abundance. Their clothes are of hides because the country is wanting in cloths; and there is a law amongst them by which certain families and ranks of persons may wear cloths, and the rest of the people may wear only hides well dressed and tanned. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Amongst them there are men and women who have never drunk water, but only milk, which greatly supports them, and quenches the thirst, on account of its being more healthy and substantial, and there is great abundance of it in the country. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These people are Christians of the doctrine of the blessed Saint Bartholomew, as they say; and their baptism is in three kinds, of blood, fire, and water: that is to say,</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1166.72px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_20"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[20]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">that they circumcise themselves, and mark themselves on the temples and forehead with fire, and also in water, like the Catholic Christians.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Many of them are deficient in our true faith, because the country is very large, and whilst in the principal city of Babel Malech, where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John" target="_blank">Prester John</a> resides, they may be Christians, in many other distant parts they live in error and without being taught; so that they are only Christians in name.[1]</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">BABEL MELECH.</span></h3><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-du30ASLH1_ZjOclGiow1sj3STKggnWbt-2vk90veYoEKiQCBzFxnTOnmaQVa543VgNzTQlltwi7HgkWspo__hSy4vOq7zJ4Y7w53wKbGRdpUMm_JCLQr5Eb399wz8SMep242wx68Sz5VQa4fnwTSwIv3cU9onFpEj0Y0UCOP2EoSwws90EZYpIwDfHKW/s558/Mercator_1569_world_map_detail_Prester_John_of_Africa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="558" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-du30ASLH1_ZjOclGiow1sj3STKggnWbt-2vk90veYoEKiQCBzFxnTOnmaQVa543VgNzTQlltwi7HgkWspo__hSy4vOq7zJ4Y7w53wKbGRdpUMm_JCLQr5Eb399wz8SMep242wx68Sz5VQa4fnwTSwIv3cU9onFpEj0Y0UCOP2EoSwws90EZYpIwDfHKW/w200-h184/Mercator_1569_world_map_detail_Prester_John_of_Africa.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">1569 map detail of<br />Prester John (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_1569_world_map_detail_Prester_John_of_Africa.jpg">Source.</a>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">In the interior of this country is the great city of Babel Melech [</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">Babel Mandel</a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">], where Prester John holds his residence. The Moors call him the great King of the Habeshys: he is Christian, and lord of many extensive countries and numerous people, with whom he makes subject many great kings. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He is very rich, and possesses more gold than any other prince. This Prester John holds a very large court, and he keeps many men at arms continually in his pay, whom he takes about with him. He goes out very rarely from his dwelling; many kings and great lords come to visit him. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In this city a great feast takes place in the month of August, for which so many kings and nobles come together, and so many people that they are innumerable: and on this day of the feast in August they take an image out of a church, which is believed to be that of Our Lady, or that of St. Bartholomew, which image is of gold and of the size of a man; its eyes are of very large and beautiful rubies of great value, and the whole of it is adorned with many precious stones of much value, and placing it in a great chariot of gold, they carry it in procession with very great veneration and ceremony, and Prester John goes in front of this car in another gold car, very richly dressed in cloth of gold with much jewellery. And they begin to go out thus in the morning, and go in procession through all the city with much music of all sorts of instruments, until the evening, when they go home. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And so many people throng to this procession, that in order to arrive at the car of the image many die of being squeezed and suffocated; and those who die in this wise are held as saints and martyrs; and many old men and old women go with a good will to die in this manner.</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b>Notes:</b></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">1. When Vasco da Gama's fleet reached India, t</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">he Portuguese mistook Hindus and other non-Muslims they met as eastern Christians, just with misguided rites and worship—</span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">in line with the legendary Prester John, a wealth and powerful Christian king in the East.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">* The addition of Prester John in this work is a reminder of how fuzzy Europeans' knowledge of Africa's east coast was, especially anything beyond the port towns, and also of how strong medieval legends yet remained. The legend of the Christian king of the East had persisted in Europe for several centuries by this point.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023, by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-25938083314839389432023-11-09T20:30:00.002-08:002023-11-10T01:25:58.917-08:00Barbosa on Zanzibar: 'Feeble People' Who 'Live in Luxury'<p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpXIX3XkrgLWN4-uasjBgxj_0NgBkrfRf4Z67ESM0hsDwB4NDSjN-uca7dgCYM_axccZ6-PM6GqsHBeQagzxnWRZzUdsVeFNnvvpn2KPPvxtCuuhaTEafr6dd3KMXPyN4ni43Zywafml7Jdj7rc1Ej0Ubv2exWxpy354ps3TA2YNlisH7iEXOXpf9GfZtp/s1024/1024px-Mo%C3%A7ambique,_Zanzibar,_Madagascar,_Oc%C3%A9an_indien,_Bellin,_Leipzig,1748.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1024" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpXIX3XkrgLWN4-uasjBgxj_0NgBkrfRf4Z67ESM0hsDwB4NDSjN-uca7dgCYM_axccZ6-PM6GqsHBeQagzxnWRZzUdsVeFNnvvpn2KPPvxtCuuhaTEafr6dd3KMXPyN4ni43Zywafml7Jdj7rc1Ej0Ubv2exWxpy354ps3TA2YNlisH7iEXOXpf9GfZtp/w400-h329/1024px-Mo%C3%A7ambique,_Zanzibar,_Madagascar,_Oc%C3%A9an_indien,_Bellin,_Leipzig,1748.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Zanzibar,1748 map by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mo%C3%A7ambique,_Zanzibar,_Madagascar,_Oc%C3%A9an_indien,_Bellin,_Leipzig,1748.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">PENDA, MANFIA, AND ZANZIBAR.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">, 1515.</i></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">Between this island of San Lorenzo and the continent, not very far from it, are three islands, which are called one Manfia, another <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar" target="_blank">Zanzibar</a>, and the other Penda; these are inhabited by Moors; they are very fertile islands, with plenty of provisions, rice, millet, and flesh, and abundant oranges, lemons, and cedrats. </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">All the mountains are full of them; they produce many sugar canes, but do not know how to make sugar.</span></span></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">These islands have their kings. The inhabitants trade with the mainland with their provisions and fruits; they have small vessels, very loosely and badly made, without decks, and with a single mast; all their planks are sewn </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">together with cords of reed or matting, and the sails are of palm mats. </span></span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">They are very feeble people, with very few and despicable weapons. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In these islands they live in great luxury, and abundance; they dress in very good cloths of silk and cotton, which they buy in Mombaza of the merchants from Cambay, who reside there. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Their wives adorn themselves with many jewels of gold from Sofala, and silver, in chains, ear-rings, bracelets, and ankle rings, and are dressed in silk stuffs: and they have many mosques, and hold the Alcoran of Mahomed.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-13542693637288537172023-11-08T00:28:00.001-08:002023-11-08T00:28:55.254-08:00Malindi, a Strategic Maritime Trade Stop <p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3UVqf9OtJXjuQ2-OYeOaQwQ435eAXNI5z1XlNc_4fWMamfY5rR_AsZUqZRC6ru5b4IOmV1Nfs_Ym4iOEpdKHsH-x9HAUAoSQTyWNUvm4-eLybD4lf3rULmmKEIFr8WCYTJkmFZrua5htKWaKTcrCiy9mbNJpaXuSy2zcDAxYa1ohIhjHKcJ5VtrKE4K9/s1077/Waldseemuller_Map_1507_Malindi_padrao.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Malindi. Detail of Waldseemuller's 1507 map." border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1077" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3UVqf9OtJXjuQ2-OYeOaQwQ435eAXNI5z1XlNc_4fWMamfY5rR_AsZUqZRC6ru5b4IOmV1Nfs_Ym4iOEpdKHsH-x9HAUAoSQTyWNUvm4-eLybD4lf3rULmmKEIFr8WCYTJkmFZrua5htKWaKTcrCiy9mbNJpaXuSy2zcDAxYa1ohIhjHKcJ5VtrKE4K9/w374-h304/Waldseemuller_Map_1507_Malindi_padrao.jpg" title="Malindi. Detail of Waldseemuller's 1507 map." width="374" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: small; font-weight: 400;">Malindi. Detail of Waldseemuller's 1507 map.*</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 400;">(</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waldseemuller_Map_1507_Malindi_padrao.jpg" style="font-weight: 400;" target="_blank">Source</a><span style="color: black; font-weight: 400;">.)</span></span><br style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;" /></span></h3></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MELINDE.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;">, 1515.</i></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After passing the city of Mombaza, at no great distance further on along the coast, there is a very handsome town on the mainland on the beach, called Melinde [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malindi" target="_blank">Malindi</a>], and it is a town of the Moors, which has a king. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">And this town has fine houses of stone and whitewash, of several stories, with their windows and terraces, and good streets. The inhabitants are dusky and black, and go naked from the waist</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1166.72px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_13"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[13]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> upwards, and from that downwards they cover themselves with cloths of cotton and silk, and others wear wraps like cloaks, and handsome caps on their heads. </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The trade is great which they carry on in cloth, gold, ivory, copper, quicksilver, and much other merchandise, with both Moors and Gentiles of the kingdom of Cambay, who come to their port with ships laden with cloth, which they buy in exchange for gold, ivory, and wax. </span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Both parties find great profit in this. There are plenty of provisions in this town, of rice, millet, and some wheat, which is brought to them from Cambay, and plenty of fruit, for there are many gardens and orchards. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are here many of the large-tailed sheep, and of all other meats as above; there are also oranges, sweet and sour. </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMR7DJyk_sX_U_0t_8MK1mxDedvOvTSdB9b3Ph6r1Bsp7Pni6GS9_mTsLnnLZFXDDYAbGoVk0YuwVtkm9ROHkRsb5_d97bO36KKjpWPX361452FXzK1SBX_gO49-phFZ8i2MR3iidZqXQII80ouDHeU1AWmHFbakH1jaPcjRDlD4ekEYkVkyNKMq6zyGo/s4000/Malindi_Marine_National_Park._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2396" data-original-width="4000" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMR7DJyk_sX_U_0t_8MK1mxDedvOvTSdB9b3Ph6r1Bsp7Pni6GS9_mTsLnnLZFXDDYAbGoVk0YuwVtkm9ROHkRsb5_d97bO36KKjpWPX361452FXzK1SBX_gO49-phFZ8i2MR3iidZqXQII80ouDHeU1AWmHFbakH1jaPcjRDlD4ekEYkVkyNKMq6zyGo/w640-h384/Malindi_Marine_National_Park._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">The beaches at Malindi would have been a welcome relief after long sea voyages. (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Malindi_Marine_National_Park._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">This King and people have always been very friendly and obedient to the King of Portugal, and the Portuguese have always met with much friendship and good reception amongst them.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b>Notes:</b></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">* This detail is from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" target="_blank">Martin Waldseemuller</a>'s 1507 map that was the first to use the name America—after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" target="_blank">Amerigo Vespucci</a> to label what Europeans were learning was a continent, not East Asian islands as originally believed.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-8461357937211286372023-11-06T22:22:00.000-08:002023-11-06T22:22:16.393-08:00Wealthy Mombaza (Kenya) 'Ravaged' by the Portuguese: Barbosa<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1gW_nBZn5NGTV1UyC7Pffs6GQCr9Ar_M45zUPSKiKLbuH7xprYg4yytz53O7FSPdZRmHnqUQPSRNu5P1nzKA5vV5cpBDYbiu-9iFMJs4aetW9QmHgCEXchDK_zecLzDWFWM-NuifayUwUQc69Wm_gG54ablCDC7X_95KsFrF0srjiS6xrmWY-LeTGNn_J/s1674/City_mombassa_1572.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1437" data-original-width="1674" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1gW_nBZn5NGTV1UyC7Pffs6GQCr9Ar_M45zUPSKiKLbuH7xprYg4yytz53O7FSPdZRmHnqUQPSRNu5P1nzKA5vV5cpBDYbiu-9iFMJs4aetW9QmHgCEXchDK_zecLzDWFWM-NuifayUwUQc69Wm_gG54ablCDC7X_95KsFrF0srjiS6xrmWY-LeTGNn_J/w400-h344/City_mombassa_1572.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"> Mombaza, 1572.* (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_mombassa_1572.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ISLAND OF MOMBAZA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Ramusio)</i><i style="font-size: 13.2px; text-align: right;">, 1515.</i></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Passing Quiloa, and going along the coast of the said Arabia Felix towards India, close to the mainland there is another island, in which there is a city of the Moors, called Bombaza [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa_Island" target="_blank">Mombaza</a>], very large and beautiful, and built of high and handsome houses of stone and whitewash, and with very good streets, in the manner of those of Quiloa. And it also had a king over it.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The people are of dusky white, and brown complexions, and likewise the women, who are much adorned with silk and gold stuffs. It is a town of great trade in goods, and has a good port, where there are always many ships, both of those that sail for Sofala and those that come from Cambay and Melinde, and others which sail to the islands of Zanzibar, Manfia, and Penda, which will be spoken of further on.</span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSgnSK1fMIbYuvnVpIY8P51RFiiUerd4WxyGStfJ8frRakVpc0kuUPv2PL7UjhGEZhFMmgS8HQkgcgWe5bFDkLjUAQqhgyZ9HwlhSZDH6PVdKnvh7hXEEFp_4sd-McclXVwwrLLsQYeFz1CXWv50wnepaLSyytGXJ-fGvYTFKKaYwXQMGZtEe7VCPxQ4Fb/s1192/City_mombassa_1572%20crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="1192" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSgnSK1fMIbYuvnVpIY8P51RFiiUerd4WxyGStfJ8frRakVpc0kuUPv2PL7UjhGEZhFMmgS8HQkgcgWe5bFDkLjUAQqhgyZ9HwlhSZDH6PVdKnvh7hXEEFp_4sd-McclXVwwrLLsQYeFz1CXWv50wnepaLSyytGXJ-fGvYTFKKaYwXQMGZtEe7VCPxQ4Fb/w640-h370/City_mombassa_1572%20crop.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">Crop of above image.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This Mombaza is a country well supplied with plenty of provisions, very fine sheep, which have round tails, and many cows, chickens, and very large goats, much rice and millet, and plenty of oranges, sweet and bitter, and lemons, cedrats, pomegranates, Indian figs, and all sorts of vegetables, and very good water.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The inhabitants at times are at war with the people of the continent, and at other times at peace, and trade with them, and obtain much honey and wax, and ivory.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This King, for his pride and unwillingness to obey the King of Portugal, lost his city, and the Portuguese took it from him by force, and the King fled, and they killed and made captives many of his people, and the country was ravaged, and much plunder was carried off from it of gold and silver, copper, ivory, rich stuffs of gold and silk, and much other valuable merchandize.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b>Notes:</b></span></p><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">* Mombaza - bird's-eye view of the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa">Mombasa</a> (Kenya) from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Braun">Georg Braun</a> and Franz Hogenberg's atlas <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_orbis_terrarum">Civitates orbis terrarum</a>, vol. I, 1572.</span><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><hr style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div style="color: #660000;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8271456978775953284.post-7108812283692868812023-11-05T23:31:00.002-08:002023-11-06T00:19:49.353-08:00Thriving Kilwa (Quiloa) Invaded by Portuguese<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__NdzSCxN8I1G4WB2kzfGbOpp1hqrUJ0qn_lHR5r-SDQY-JNlH82HPKZPhD8E6N1nxSlLG-UFwmK8jbnXIXPoBeRBl4k9xZHSFKB1LtVtlhXOH6AwOmUiAnPrZBMzzHoB7LPIQxA0xXaB_WFuPMKCOyYZVtuoV5LwrX4nQ-9bvMKD3JDcayo5yDOcmbGa/s1265/1265px-City_of_Kilwa,_1572.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1265" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__NdzSCxN8I1G4WB2kzfGbOpp1hqrUJ0qn_lHR5r-SDQY-JNlH82HPKZPhD8E6N1nxSlLG-UFwmK8jbnXIXPoBeRBl4k9xZHSFKB1LtVtlhXOH6AwOmUiAnPrZBMzzHoB7LPIQxA0xXaB_WFuPMKCOyYZVtuoV5LwrX4nQ-9bvMKD3JDcayo5yDOcmbGa/w400-h324/1265px-City_of_Kilwa,_1572.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">City of Kilwa, 1572.* (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Kilwa,_1572.jpg" target="_blank">Source</a>.)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ISLAND OF QUILOA.</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><i>Duarte Barbosa (</i></span><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">Ramusio)</i><i style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">, 1515.</i></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After passing this place and going towards India, there is another island close to the mainland, called Quiloa [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" target="_blank">Kilwa</a>], in which there is a town of the Moors, built of handsome houses of stone and lime, and very lofty, with their windows like those of the Christians; in the same way it has streets, and these houses have got their terraces, and the wood worked in with the masonry, with plenty of gardens, in which there are many fruit trees and much water.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This island has got a king over it, and from hence there is trade with Sofala with ships, which carry much gold, which is dispersed thence</span><span class="pagenum" style="left: 1166.72px; position: absolute; text-align: right;"><a id="Page_11"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">[11]</span></a></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> through all Arabia Felix, for henceforward all this country is thus named on account of the shore of the sea being peopled with many towns and cities of the Moors; and when the King of Portugal discovered this land, the Moors of Sofala, and Zuama, and Anguox, and Mozambique, were all under obedience to the King of Quiloa, who was a great king amongst them. And there is much gold in this town, because all the ships which go to Sofala touch at this island, both in going and coming back.</span><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">These people are Moors, of a dusky colour, and some of them are black and some white; they are very well dressed with rich cloths of gold, and silk, and cotton, and the women also go very well dressed out with much gold and silver in chains and bracelets on their arms, and legs, and ears.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The speech of these people is Arabic, and they have got books of the Alcoran, and honour greatly their prophet Muhamad.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZNlpBh3RRCxGtoAlGePaHIBNuPeXroScXtHUFFPU6oEGvtacFqzm-k22umz2CNBUR2ssi3LH-GRvwSr0YTAAJsA8B8GBf48pMcqetViEYCvan25x4AJaqCR1syxEAXXgCxZVZ6g0sphiTBYMhIKKMM_eG4KJXeN-GlWflgWzYtGwHU60vXnsea96byic/s1160/City_of_Kilwa,_1572%20-%20large%20crop.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="1160" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZNlpBh3RRCxGtoAlGePaHIBNuPeXroScXtHUFFPU6oEGvtacFqzm-k22umz2CNBUR2ssi3LH-GRvwSr0YTAAJsA8B8GBf48pMcqetViEYCvan25x4AJaqCR1syxEAXXgCxZVZ6g0sphiTBYMhIKKMM_eG4KJXeN-GlWflgWzYtGwHU60vXnsea96byic/w640-h264/City_of_Kilwa,_1572%20-%20large%20crop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This King, for his great pride, and for not being willing to obey the King of Portugal, had this town taken from him by force, and in it they killed and captured many people, and the King fled from the island, in which the King of Portugal ordered a fortress to be built, and thus he holds under his command and government those who continued to dwell there.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i style="color: #660000;"><span style="text-indent: -64px;">This excerpt is from Henry E. J. Stanley's translation of </span>Ramusio: </i><span style="color: #660000; text-indent: -64px;">A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, </span><i><span style="color: #660000;">published for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1867. The book is available in multiple formats at </span><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38253/pg38253-images.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763;">Gutenberg.org</span></a><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Notes:</b></span></i></div><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></i></div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;">* Quiloa - bird's-eye view of the city of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilwa&action=edit&redlink=1">Kilwa</a> (Tanzania) from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1">Georg Braun</a> and Franz Hogenberg's atlas <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civitates_orbis_terrarum&action=edit&redlink=1">Civitates orbis terrarum</a>, vol. I, 1572.</span><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><b><i>Links:</i></b></span></div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.city-journal.org/article/a-mystery-play" target="_blank">A Mystery Play, Kilwa Diari</a></span><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br />When, in 1500, the Portuguese reached Kilwa, an island city-state on the East African coast, they marveled at the tall buildings made of coral stone and noted how the islanders wore fine clothes of cotton and silk, as well as jewelry of gold and silver. Kilwa was so wealthy that its rulers and nobles could afford luxuries from around the globe. Porcelain from China is still found among the island’s excavated remains.<br /><br />When the first volume of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum was published in Cologne in 1572, it contained 546 engravings of cities from across the world. Among them was Quiloa, the Portuguese spelling for Kilwa. Readers of the atlas must have dwelled on this engraving, since the mysterious Islamic city, which no one had heard about, appeared as a magnificent agglomeration of palaces and towers, occupying most of a verdant island framed by two sailing caravels. It looked like a German medieval city, transplanted to a land of coconut trees and baobabs.</span><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="color: #660000; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><hr /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(C) 2023 by <a data-amzn-asin="B007RP3TK4" href="https://www.amazon.com/stores/John-Sailors/author/B007RP3TK4" style="color: #660000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">E</a>nrique of Malacca's Voyage. All rights reserved.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #660000; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div></div>John Sailorshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02161808686437275910noreply@blogger.com